La Cathédrale Engloutie by Claude Debussy Essay - 839 Words

In the impressionism era, any exoteric about impression such as paintings or music would like to show people that picture in color with a completely abstract and beyond reality. The French composer,Claude Debussy (1862-1918) is a leader of the impressionism in field of music.Debussy likes to place the title of a work at the end of the peice,that allows pianists to feel and imagine the music intuitively before they find out what Debbusy intended to compost about. La Cathà ©drale engloutie (The Sunken Cathedral,1910), is the tenth prelude from Debussys first of the two volumes book, Prà ©ludes.This solo piano peice illustrates the characteristics of the form, harmony, and content developed by Debussy.The piece is based on an ancient Breton†¦show more content†¦68 - 71) into Section IV, which uses the parallel triadic chords once more in C major. The piece ends with a codatta from m. 84 - m.89, it reminds and restated the sound at the very begining of the peice. Again, the co detta reaffirms the rising parallel chords and the same general pentatonic grouping. The begining of the peice could very well represent the morning view of the cathedral, convered in mist. The second section could be the appearance and presence of the cathedral. The final section can show the ocean overwhelming the cathedral as punishment from God. Moreover, there are four main elements in the peice: water, air, stone and the bells. Each of them is represented by a specific basic timber. The insistent E from subsection ii of introduction seems like the first shuddering of the submerged bells. In section I, the right hand part represents the first rays of the sun break through and glittering on the arches. The left hand draws in mountains and valleys like a rolling wave, until the cathedral has fully appeared, triumphant and magical like which rises from the water of the lake. In section III gives a feeling of religious penitence. The last few bars give an image of the final rays of light. At the end, in a transparent tone color, the whole mood and atmosphere returns to a begining. Debussy takes the material and, by limiting himself to mostly parallelShow MoreRelated Musical Modernism with Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg1894 Words   |  8 Pagesthe mysterious correspondences between Nature and Imagination† Claude Debussy (1902) Roughly from the 1900’s, the music started to obtain a big role in people’s life with its new aspects and it was not only made to please the listeners but carried meanings about life itself. With the modernist movement emotions other than love, anger and joy has started to be portrayed more securely and concisely. Composers like Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg are very well known supporters

Symbolism In The Catcher In The Rye By J. D. Salinger

In the Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, there are many items of symbolism. The symbolism in the story keeps Holden sain. Some items of symbolism are Holdens’ brothers baseball mit, the schools Holden gets kicked out of, and the carousels gold rings. The baseball mit and the carousels’ gold rings are positive representation of symbolism, whereas the schools, are negative. The baseball mit, Holden has from his dead brother Allie, keeps Holden tranquil. The baseball mit first appears in the story when Holden’s roommate Stradlater, asks Holden to write a composition about a room for his english class. Instead, of Holden writing about a room Holden writes about the baseball mit. He describes the poems on the glove that were wrote in†¦show more content†¦The pencey advertisement is also something Holden finds repulsive. â€Å" since 1888 we have been molding boys into splendid, clear-thinking young men,† (page 2). Holden gets suspended from school for his lack of good grades, while his roommate at Pencey Prep, Stradlater, gets by on his good looks and popularity, by having others do his work for him. This is what Holden finds wrong in the world. The prejudice of good looks and the pressure to fit in. Holden, was born into the rich and popular environment. Although, he was born into the rich and popular environment he still has trouble fitting into that world. The last symbolism is the carousels gold rings. At the end of the story, when Holden is about to leave, him and phoebe are at the carousel in central park. When you are on the outside horses of the carousel you can reach for the gold rings. When you grab the gold rings you have to reach. If you manage to grab the gold rings you then toss them into the bin. This is when Phoebe, then goes to ride the carousel. While, Phoebe is on the carousel, Holden realizes Phoebe is growing up. He realizes all kids have to grow up, and when they do they take risks, such as reaching for the gold rings. The carousels rings represent the risks kids take. When the kids reach for the rings they risk falling off and getting injured, but getting it has benefits. This is when Holden realizes kids will try to grab the gold ring which represents theShow MoreRelatedA Short Biography of J.D. Salinger1316 Words   |  6 Pages J. D. Salinger was an American writer who wrote fiction short stories and novels. Some critics dont like his books, yet others do. He had a remarkable life and story. Salinger was an influential 20th century American writer whose works were very scrutinized. Jerome David Salinger was born on January 1, 1919. He was known as J. D. Salinger. He was born in New York, New York. His fathers name was Sol Salinger. His mothers name was Miriam Jillich Salinger. His father was Jewish and his motherRead MoreEssay Comparison of the Social Network and the Catcher in the Rye1111 Words   |  5 Pagesdo J. D. Salinger and David Fincher use to explore the personal dilemmas of their protagonists, Holden Caulfield and Mark Zuckerberg, in The Catcher in the Rye and The Social Network? In David Fincher’s The Social Network and J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, a story of two young men, Holden Caulfield and Mark Zuckerberg face many difficulties and ultimately are very vulnerable souls. The dilemmas that Holden and Mark face are alienation, betrayal and identity. Fincher and Salinger bothRead MoreEssay about The Catcher in the Rye Should be Included in the Curriculum1083 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the inclusion of The Cather in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger in the high school english curriculum. This is such due to the inappropriate and adult oriented themes within If considered, many times within the novel the main character will face situations in which that the negative and vulgar themes will blossom into something meaningful that the reader can benefit from as a person and as a student. While the vulgarity and adult themes in The Catcher in the Rye are indeed inappropriate for adolescentRead MoreJ.b. Salinger s A Perfect Day For Bananafish 1714 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew Silbernagel Ms. Clark English III 30 November 2015 J.D. Salinger her was born in New York City in 1919. He wrote in the post war time period where writers wrote mostly about aesthetic or social rather than political problems. J.D. Salinger is the son of a Jewish father and a Christian mother. After enrollment at both NYU and Columbia University he devoted himself to writing and by 1940 he had published some short stories. But his career as a writer was interrupted by World War IIRead MoreProtecting The Innocence By F. D. Salinger1434 Words   |  6 PagesOverview of The Catcher in the Rye During the nineteen fifties, as the population of the United States hurdled in a whirlpool of amiss, a writer sought to conserve innocence as teenagers move into adulthood. The change from their teenage years to adulthood made them question religion, friendships, and fate. J. D. Salinger saw this as a potential pitfall for teens; therefore, he adopts a unique writing style to which they can relate to. Sol and Miriam Salinger’s son, Jerome David Salinger, was born onRead More catcher in the rye Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pages Hello, is Salinger There? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;J. D. Salinger’s only published full-length novel, The Catcher in the Rye, has become one of the most enduring classics of American literature. The novel’s story is told in retrospect by the main character, Holden Caulfield, while staying in a psychiatric hospital in California. This is a coming of age tale that is wrought with irony. Holden Caulfield, Mr. Antolini, and Phoebe are the main symbols of irony. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreThe Story of J.D. Salinger2489 Words   |  10 PagesThe Story of J. D. Salinger J. D. Salinger became one of the most popular and known American authors in America today. Up to this day students from all over the country have read and purchased the novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† which was a novel that was not so long ago controversial due to vulgar language, sexual references, and unacceptable behavior; parents were concerned that J. D. Salinger’s novel was going to influence their children. Salinger was one of many authors that stood out moreRead MoreThe First Person Narrator in J.D Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye1097 Words   |  5 PagesIn J.D Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, the first person narration played a critical role in helping the reader to know and understand the main character, Holden Caulfield. Salinger also uses symbolism to help portray the theme that not everything that glitters is gold. Holden, in his narration, relates a flashback of a significant period of his life, three days and nights on his own in New York City. Through his narration, Holden discloses to the reader his innermost thoughts and also helps toRead MoreCatcher in the Rye1601 Words   |  7 Pagessome ‘Crazy Cliff A novel, which has gained literary recognition worldwide, scrutiny to the point of censorship and has established a following among adolescents, The Catcher in the Rye is in its entirety a unique connotation of the preservation of innocence and the pursuit of compassion. With certain elegance the writer J.D. Salinger, substantiates the growth and perils, which lie between childhood and adulthood. Embellishing the differentiation between innocence and squalor in the grasps of societyRead More Symbolism in J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye Essay2842 Words   |  12 PagesJ.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is no exception. The abundant use of symbolism in Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is of such significance that it â€Å"proclaims itself in the very title of the nove l† (Trowbridge par. 1). If the symbolism in this novel is studied closely, there should be no astonishment in learning that The Catcher in the Rye took approximately ten years to write and was originally twice its present length. J.D. Salinger uses copious amounts of symbolism in his novel to accurately

History of Ramayana Free Essays

Ramayana is true, if you have read it you can easily make out that it just can’t be a mere work of imagination. All the incidents, places and events seems natural. Nothing seems to be false. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Ramayana or any similar topic only for you Order Now When britishers captured India some 150 yrs. ago, they rumoured it to be false and then some britishers who didn’t had any firm Hindu background just declared it to be a myth. Conclusion: IT IS TRUE Religions Background of Ramayana Hindu religious literature is the large body of traditional narratives related to Hinduism, notably as contained in Sanskrit literature, such as the Sanskrit epics and the Puranas. As such, it is a subset of Indian culture. Role in Hinduism The Ramayana is extremely popular. India nearly shut down when a dramatized series of the Ramayana appeared on television in the 1980s. Recitation of the Ramayana earns great merit. Rama and Sita are seen as the ideal married couple. In North India, the Ramayana is acted out in the annual pageant Ram-Lila. It was a favourite subject of Rajasthani and Pahari painters of the 17th and 18th centuries. Gandhi called it the greatest book in the world. Tulsi Das, medieval author of the Hindi translation, said, â€Å"Whenever I remember Rama’s name, the desert of my heart blooms lush and green.† Comparison between Iliad, Ramayana -Ramayana A virtuous king named Rama is banished to the forest, where he has many adventures, and then he rescues his wife Sita from the evil king of Sri Lanka with the help of his friends. – -Homer’s The Iliad The gods of ancient Greece, most of whom were adopted by the ancient Romans, were generally described as human in form, unaging, nearly immune to all wounds and sickness, capable of becoming invisible, able to travel vast distances almost instantly, and able to speak through human beings with or without their knowledge. In Greek mythology, the gods were presented as a large, multi-generational family, the oldest members of which created the world as we know it. Each Greco-Roman divinity has his or her own specific appearance, genaeology, interests, personality, and area of expertise, subject to significant local variants. When the gods were called upon in poetry or prayer, they were referred to by a combination of their name and epithets, the latter serving to distinguish them from other gods. Theme of Ramayana The age-old battle between virtue and vice is the main theme of the Indian epic Ramayana. It is the life story and message of SreeRaaman, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu who took human form in this world to tame the wicked. This great literary and religious classic is a traditional mind cleanser even the touching of which is considered sacred. However, it is also a tale of the Aryan war race. In Indian history, the theme of Ramayana is the biography of king Sri Ramachandra is Called Ramayan. Ram is Sri Ramchandra and ayan means the story. The other theme of Ramayana is – â€Å"The good (Lord Rama) vanquishes the evil (Ravana)†. In India the festival, Dussehra is based on the central theme of Ramayana. How to cite History of Ramayana, Essay examples

Information and Communication Technology ERP Software

Question: Discuss about the Information and Communication Technology for ERP Software. Answer: Introduction: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an extension of the Information Technology (IT) which basically is concentrated towards unification and integration of telecommunications with computers and other ERP software packages. Thus ICT is not restricted to only computers but as the name suggests extends to other forms of communication as well such as mobile phones, radio, television and satellites as well. However, the world has been behaving unethically with regards the ICTs also. The report discusses about the famous 2016 Bangladesh Bank Heist which left everybody stunned. In February 2016, an amount of US $951 Million was stolen from the central bank of Bangladesh via a SWIFT network. The hackers used the data of the Banks employees and sent requests for the transfer of money to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York demanding a transfer to the bank accounts of Philippines, Sri Lanka and various other countries in Asia. They could not get hold of the entire request and swept off $81 million which was transferred to the Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation in Philippines via four transfer request and $20 million to the bank account Pan Asia Banking (Mateo, 2017). The accounts at Rizal was opened a year ago but was never used actively until such an event. The discovery would not have been possible had there not been an error in the printer of the bank. The SWIFT system of the bank is formulated in such a manner that it prints the record of the transaction every time a request is sent and due to this the printer works round the clock as many a times print outs comes when the transactions are approved overnight. However the very next morning the bank employees were surprised that there were no print outs and when they tried to deliver prints manually the same would not happened. Further the software that links the SWIFT network was also altered. When the problem of the printer and software was fixed then a number of fictitious transactions print outs were received. Also the Federal Bank in New York had also raised concerns about so many transfer requests but there were no response from Bangladesh. The attackers were smart enough to time it during the weekend when the banks in New York are closed and thus transactions amounting to $101 m illion were passed already of which the transfer that was made in the Pan Asia was stopped (Gopalakrishnan, Mogato, 2016). People are taken aback about the various security hacks which are installed in the two banks as well as SWIFT bank. As per the reports, the Bangladesh Bank was not in constant touch with the Federal Reserve due to errors in printers and softwares which was a common phenomena. The error was not paid heed to and the IT security lapse was noticed too late. Unfortunately, by the time the said hack was noticed it was too late (Paganini, 2016). The Prime Ministers ICT Advisor had commented that Bangladeshs pace for digitalisation was one of the main reasons for the loop hole to occur in the system. Further it is proved that digitalisation is closely related to the person who is using it, his capability and complete ability to perform. Therefore ICT can improve the speed at which good and services are delivered but the same can be detrimental to the health of the company as well if proper firewalls are not installed ((Chowdhury. 2016) As per the investigations conducted by the Forensic Training Institute of Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Bank was wary towards cyber attacks due to lack of proper firewalls. The main ethical issue in this case was absent of adequate firewalls to protect the system. Further the system used second hand switches which are equally unethical. The Banks administrative as well as the IT department allowed usage of cheap quality switches and risked the money of the citizens. Thus it was unethical from the point of the administration who allowed such usage and accepted the usability of such a loose ICT system. Apart from the collapse of the entire information technology system another unethical issue noticed in this incident was the visit of the Governor of Bangladesh to India wherein he should have cancelled and taken action against the lapse in the ICT system installed. The implication of the said unethical act was that million of dollars got lost and also the trust of the people of Bangladesh. Further it also sent an alarm bell across the globe about the fact that SWIFT as well as such other banks should re-check their ICTs installed. Not only this but the fact that the switches used were second hand was also one of the unethical acts performed by the bank in order to save money which also should be taken care of. The banks across the globe should check upon the quality of the ICT installed and if there occurs any glitches then the same should be fixed at the earliest (Zetter, 2016). Well at this juncture, it is not possible to get back the money or get hold of the hackers so easily. Thus while the investigation is on the bank should immediately get firewalls installed and get the switches of the entire ICT system changed to new ones and not second hand. Further the system should be checked and re-checked by a third trusted party or company with regards the accuracy of the ICT installed. The purchase department should be held responsible and those found suspicious should be held into custody. Another option which is preferable would be install hidden cameras without letting even the bank employees aware of the same. Hacking the credentials is not easy, there must be involvement of the bank officials as well which should be checked also. In my opinion, the first option of immediately changing the entire system is a must. Further to this printer errors etc should be resolved without haste. Usage of second hand switches for the sake of saving money and endangering the money of the public is the biggest unethical issue that the ICT system can pose. Therefore first and foremost the same issue should be fixed. References: Chowdhury,A. (2016). The Bangladesh Bank heist and pitfalls of hasty digitalisation. Retrieved from https://opinion.bdnews24.com/2016/03/19/the-bangladesh-bank-heist-and-pitfalls-of-hasty-digitisation/ Gopalakrishnan,R. Mogato,M. (2016). Bangladesh Bank Officials computer was hacked to carry out $81 million heist : diplomat. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-heist-philippines-idUSKCN0YA0CH Mateo,J. (2017). Year of Hackers : Bangladesh bank heist, Comeleak. Retrieved from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/01/06/1660122/year-hackers-bangladesh-bank-heist-comeleak Paganini,P. (2016). Bangladesh Bank hacked due to inadequate defense system. Retrieved from https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/46610/cyber-crime/bangladesh-bank-poor-defense.html Zetter,K. (2016). That Insane, $81M Bangladesh Bank Heist? Heres What We Know. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2016/05/insane-81m-bangladesh-bank-heist-heres-know/

Taiji Dolphin Hunt Essay Example

Taiji Dolphin Hunt Essay Imagine you are gliding through the still blue ocean, surrounded by your family and friends. Suddenly, a loud booming sound breaks through the peaceful underworld. Before you know It, you have been herded Into a bay and sealed off from the free world. You watch and Walt as others are picked and plucked from the water; they are the lucky ones. Next thing you know, a metal rod has pierced your spine, Instantly paralyzing you but not yet killing you. You are then tied to a boat by your feet and dragged through, struggling for breath and slowing drowning. The last thing you see and feel is a blade slicing through your body, spilling out the contents as you drift into eternal darkness. Shocking as it may be, this becomes a harsh reality for many helpless dolphins swimming the Tail waters. Tail is a small town located in Japan that plays host to the very cruel and inhumane slaughtering of dolphins. Every year from September to April the Tacit Dolphin Drive takes place and brutally strips hundreds of dolphins of their lives while others are captured and exported to aquariums all around the world. In 1987, one year after the International whaling commission placed a ban on whaling, the number of dolphins slaughtered tripled. To this day, It Is estimated that an astounding 23 000 dolphins are killed every year In Japan. The slaughtering of the dolphins Is carried out using very cruel methods. Dolphins are acoustic animals meaning they are sensitive to sound; it Is how they collect their information. The Japanese use this to their advantage and exploit their sensitivity and by whacking metal pipes along the sides of their boats, creating a loud, thundering sound. We will write a custom essay sample on Taiji Dolphin Hunt specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Taiji Dolphin Hunt specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Taiji Dolphin Hunt specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This creates a barrier of sound and drives them towards the bay as they attempt to escape the fearful noise, marking the beginning of a long and torturous process. The dolphins are sealed in the bay by a net, blocked off from the open water. They are then left overnight to calm down. The next morning the fishermen return, this time with dolphin trainers. These trainers then select a few dolphins, primarily female bottlenecks, and take them away to be exported to aquariums all around the world. The many remaining dolphins are left to face their doom. I will not scar you with the terrible details that I discovered but I will say this: no one should know the feeling of being drowned, paralyses and sliced open. Their reasoning behind this carnage is for meat. Due to being unable to kill whales, the fishermen will harvest the dolphin meat and present it as whale. Not only is this illegal but it is also highly dangerous. Hundreds of test results have proven dolphin meat to be full of mercury, a substance highly toxic to humans. Some of these readings have even shown 5000 times more than the advised limit, clearly showing he health risks involved such as loss of vision and hearing. The general public is completely unaware of these levels and are oblivious to health problems it may cause. This is highly irresponsible of the officials behind this business. No good can come from consuming this meat. I bet youre wondering what happens to the so- called lucky ones I mentioned before. They are primarily female Bootlessness dolphins that have been capture and sold to aquariums for shows and displays; to be ogled at by people who are oblivious to the truth. Dolphins are not designed for captivity; It Is a whole new suffering for them. They are born for a free world and it is only in the they are able to choose whether they live or die. Unlike us, dolphins are able to control their breathing; they can stop it in an instant, condemning themselves to death, a fate more desirable than captivity. This is not uncommon for captive dolphins yet so very few are aware of incidents like these as they are swept under the radar. However, one man, Rice Barry, spoke out about his own personal one-on- one experience. Best known as the trainer for dolphins featured in flipper and the creator to captive dolphin industry, Barry tells us of the saddening day when Flipper star Kathy swam into his arms and died. She was miserable in captivity and committed suicide. It was then that Barry realized the effects of captivity on dolphins and he has since been working to break the industry he created, a step which many others are encouraged to take. Tail is the largest supplier of live dolphins in the world and it is this trade that ultimately fuels the dolphin drive as hey can fetch up to $150 000 opposed to a dead one at only $600. It is for this reason that the dolphin captures are creating the largest slaughter of dolphins on the planet. Without the captures the slaughter industry cannot survive. They both go hand in hand, both are immoral and if we end one we end the other. The killing season has already begun; dolphins are suffering right this very second. The procedures taken out are harsh and inhumane and no living creature should have to endure the torture and capture that these dolphins face. Change has to come, it is time for action.

Free Essays on The Religious Systems Of The Huron And Cheyenne

The Religious Systems of the Huron and Cheyenne The price of religion to a human in one of the most important factors in one’s life, as well is their own being. People practice religion for several reasons, throughout the world it is practiced as it being part of their heritage. However many people seek religion for the feeling of security. There are hundreds of different cultures throughout the world, some who believe in everything including their health is left up to the Gods to heal, while others believe in praying for the advanced technology of today may help them to survive. This to them is their feeling of security, whether it is seen different in someone else’s opinion because to them it is what has them to be the person they are. The religious systems of the Huron and the Cheyenne vastly different, however; they did have some similarities. This can be seen through their worldviews of the supernatural universe, the role of shaman in the society, and their attitudes towards death. First, the Huron and the Cheyenne worldviews of the universe differed but also had some similarities. To start, the Huron shared a set of believes, however they were open to innovation and borrowing of religious beliefs from neighboring tribes. The Huron’s people were free to interpret and practice religion as he as she wished, with in the constraints of public opinion. The Huron did not build and special buildings or shrines for religious purposes or ceremonies. The Huron transmitted specialized knowledge of religious beliefs through elderly men. At major feasts these men would stand up and recite their stories. In the Huron religion everything including man made objects had souls. Humans had two souls. The onnhekwi, or life soul animated the body and made each part function. This soul was as large as the body or organ and had the same shape. These souls accounted for actions such as breathing, heart rate, and all bodily motion. Eac... Free Essays on The Religious Systems Of The Huron And Cheyenne Free Essays on The Religious Systems Of The Huron And Cheyenne The Religious Systems of the Huron and Cheyenne The price of religion to a human in one of the most important factors in one’s life, as well is their own being. People practice religion for several reasons, throughout the world it is practiced as it being part of their heritage. However many people seek religion for the feeling of security. There are hundreds of different cultures throughout the world, some who believe in everything including their health is left up to the Gods to heal, while others believe in praying for the advanced technology of today may help them to survive. This to them is their feeling of security, whether it is seen different in someone else’s opinion because to them it is what has them to be the person they are. The religious systems of the Huron and the Cheyenne vastly different, however; they did have some similarities. This can be seen through their worldviews of the supernatural universe, the role of shaman in the society, and their attitudes towards death. First, the Huron and the Cheyenne worldviews of the universe differed but also had some similarities. To start, the Huron shared a set of believes, however they were open to innovation and borrowing of religious beliefs from neighboring tribes. The Huron’s people were free to interpret and practice religion as he as she wished, with in the constraints of public opinion. The Huron did not build and special buildings or shrines for religious purposes or ceremonies. The Huron transmitted specialized knowledge of religious beliefs through elderly men. At major feasts these men would stand up and recite their stories. In the Huron religion everything including man made objects had souls. Humans had two souls. The onnhekwi, or life soul animated the body and made each part function. This soul was as large as the body or organ and had the same shape. These souls accounted for actions such as breathing, heart rate, and all bodily motion. Eac...

Marketing report on Red Bull and its global opportunities Essay

Marketing report on Red Bull and its global opportunities - Essay Example .................................................................................... 5. Conclusion................................................................................................................... References EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Red Bull has found considerable success internationally by giving consumers the impression that it is an exclusive and premium energy drink brand. This market report assesses the current marketing environment in the UAE, an environment with adequate consumerist values and attitudes that could, theoretically, support entry for Red Bull into this market. The UAE is currently becoming saturated with competitors offering different energy drinks, thereby establishing a brand presence. What conflicts market entry is that the UAE is a very risk averse culture where innovation might be rejected, making it difficult for Red Bull, as a new market entrant, to outperform many other competitors already with a brand presence and recognition in this nation. Ch allenges to finding profit success are not just a rapidly saturating market, but also include fiscal concerns with low exchange rates that could significantly raise the pricing structure, per can, with a product that is already highly priced compared to competition. Due to cultural, fiscal and social aspects of the UAE market environment, it is recommended for Red Bull to attempt a direct exporting market entry strategy to avoid high costs and reduce risks to the business. With recurrent promotions, Red Bull can establish brand recognition and work toward building brand loyalty post-entry. Marketing report on Red Bull and its opportunities for launch in the UAE 1. Introduction Founded in 1987, Red Bull GmbH is an Austrian beverage company that, in today’s global marketplace, produces Red Bull, the world’s most popular energy drink. A whopping 4.6 billion cans of Red Bull were sold worldwide in 2011, which represented a significant increase of 11.4 percent from 2010 (Re d Bull 2012). Red Bull currently maintains a 70 percent market share in the energy drink market, hence outperforming even major brands that compete in this industry such as Coca-Cola (Field 2006). Red Bull has managed to create what is referred to in marketing literature as brand recognition, or the extent to which a brand becomes familiar to consumer segments and where consumers are able to effectively link a brand (or logo) to a product successfully (Farris, Bendle, Pfeifer and Reibstein 2010). Red Bull, globally, spends an enormous volume of its revenues on the marketing process, a total of 25 percent of corporate revenues (Boome 2011). Red Bull, through this high capital expenditure on marketing, has managed to build a brand personality domestically and in many foreign nations where Red Bull has entered, which makes it stand out to many different international energy drink producers. This report focuses on the potential for Red Bull to enter the United Arab Emirates and achieve the same consumer loyalty the brand has managed in many other nations whilst also achieving appropriate revenue growth upon entry. A market analysis, including emphasis on consumer behaviour and attitudes in the UAE, supports whether Red Bull will find success in this new market or hinder advancements of this brand. Research indicates that the UAE might be an ideal environment for gaining consumer loyalty and building brand preference based on socio-cultural aspects of UAE buyer markets. 2. The marketing environment in the UAE The United Arab Emi

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Research Paper Example From the geographic perspective, Utah is identified to be quite mountainous. The state is also occupied with few great valleys, such as the Virgin River Valley in its southwestern region. There are also many rivers which flow by the heart of the state making it an incredible tourism spot. With all these factors, the Salt Lake City was also referred as one of the greenest cities in the USA. The weather conditions are generally dry in the Utah region which results in light rainfall on the cities of Utah, including Salt Lake City. The temperature is perceived to be quite favorable for the cultural heritage to prosper. Due to the wide and tall mountain ranges, which act as a protection wall to the state, it enjoys a cooler weather with a higher temperature of 8 degrees and the lowest of 6 degree Celsius on an average. However, during the winter season, the temperature is hardly recorded to dip negative with a prolonged period of freezing weather (Western Regional Climate Centre, â€Å"C limate of Utah†). To be summarized, four different seasons are identified in the Salt Lake City region, i.e. summer, fall, winter, and spring. ... Notably, the days are witnessed to be warmer than the nights in the winter season. In spring the city enjoys sunny weather with cold breeze (Salt Lake Tourist & Visitor Center, â€Å"Salt Lake City Utah†). It is worth mentioning in this context, that the weather and climate conditions of Salt Lake City depend largely on few unique variables, i.e. its location on the earth in terms of longitude and latitude and its distance from water bodies, such as oceans and/or seas (Weber, â€Å"Weather, Climate and the Climate System†). However, in the recent context, the climatic conditions of Salt Lake City have been recorded to be hampered due to continuous environmental hazards, such as air pollution, water pollution, and others. According to the environmental reports of Salt Lake City, the air quality has been remarked to diminish with its main causing factor identified as the increasing number of motor vehicles (Salt Lake City Corporation, â€Å"Air Quality†). As a cons equence, the temperature of the city is increasing persistently due to which the county people are witnessing heavy clouds in the present days along with snowfall which is quite rare during the mid of a year, i.e. the spring time in the county. The survey reports also depict that the warmth of the weather has increased almost 3 ° F. To be illustrated, according to the reports, the average maximum temperature in the period of 1971 to 2000 was recorded to be around 37 ° F and the lowest of 21 ° F. But in the current statistical analysis it was recognised that the maximum temperature of the city scores around 39 ° F and a minimum temperature of 27 ° F during the period of 1874 to 2011 (Weber, â€Å"Weather, Climate And The Climate System†). In a nutshell, the changes in the climatic

An Analysis of the Significance of Guns as a Technology Essay

An Analysis of the Significance of Guns as a Technology - Essay Example Some of these groups had competed against each other for food and survival; those who lasted a bit longer managed to do so with the introduction of new technologies, the use of â€Å"advanced weaponry† through the use of javelins, spears, knives and arrows for big-game hunting. It may be right to say the first arms race among humans occurred between cavemen using wood clubs.1 Human societies progress and change over long periods of time through either of the two change processes: evolutionary and revolutionary change. The first is gradual while in the latter, it is a drastic change which entails an inflection point which is a break in the pattern of things. Inflection points are potentially disruptive, as what Andy Grove in giant chip maker of Intel pointed out, a change which people must embrace and adopt, in order to survive (Grove 105) because these points alter the existing paradigms and status quo and even risky at times. American sociologist William Fielding Ogburn descr ibed social change as either a material or non-material change (an example of material change was the introduction of the iron plow) or in the case of non-material change, the rise of capitalism and its opposite, communism. Discussion Many changes occurred as human societies and civilization progressed, which had in a way contributed greatly to our improvement. Ogburn traced social changes to introductions of new technologies, with three distinct phases in it, which are: invention, discovery and later, diffusion (Ogburn 77). Invention is the creation of something entirely new, such as a device. Discovery relates to the process of learning something that is totally new or ascertaining what is new as something that was previously overlooked or unrecognized. Diffusion is the spread of knowledge related to the invention and discovery to other groups of people able to use it. In this regard, gun technology underwent these three phases Ogburn had mentioned. Gun technology came about as th e direct consequence of the invention of gunpowder in China which changed weaponry to a great extent, in a sense people are now able to fight each other at some distance from each other, unlike before when they need to be in close proximity. This development has a profound effect on warfare, colonization, empire building, the spread of human civilization, religion and culture; the entire trajectory of human history has been in a way influenced by the discovery of gunpowder and the development of gun technology. Even today, modern societies are shaped to a certain extent by the use of guns in a violent manner, such as the rise of drug cartels and other organized international crime syndicates. Ancient Chinese had accidentally discovered gunpowder in their search for an elixir for immortality (the equivalent of the Fountain of Youth) but used this new-found formula for fireworks displays in attempts to drive away evil spirits but soon adapted its explosive power to the art of warfare in the use of artillery, and later on, in firearms and handguns. A diffusion of this knowledge was spread by the Mongols in their conquest of Europe and the Asian plain. It followed exactly the pattern of three phases as enumerated by sociologist Ogburn.2 Significance of Gun Technology – the invention and acquisition of gun technologies allowed the Western countries to dominate the world in the earlier

Report On Online Shopping System Information

Report On Online Shopping System Information The online shopping system is fast gaining media for to sale or purchase items from anywhere and anytime. It is basically based on Internet, It is related with B2C (Business to Customer) model and status of the design and development of e-commerce platform. It can not only save the operating costs of enterprises as well as save the time of customer to go shopping at mall and it is increasing the efficiency of business. This document show the status of Online Shopping System and development background and then introduces or discusses the system design, system objectives, system requirements and overall all phases of development or implementation of system. This system provides good facilities to users with GUI forms to registration, shopping cart management, and information modify etc. for customer. It has also provided some facilities to Admin as add item, update item and etc. It has been designed with B/S three tier structures, JSP technology for dynamic page design and for system security and code reuse the JavaBeans has used. And for better communication between system and easy to access, as well as to store large data of the database has used MSSql Server 2000. In this basically the two user one is Admin who can add item, update item control over the database or the management of customer information and keep security over the information of the customer as well as products. Second is customer who access the site for his requirement, he can register, search or see the products, details of products and comment for product and can do secure transactions over the internet. Chapter 1: Introduction What I am going to do? In the proposed system , as discuss in the abstract we are going to develop the new website Online Shopping System for computer products. In the website I followed the software development methodology called incremental approach nad according to it the system is mainly divided inot the two kinds of users and three kinds of mechanisms in order to make more sutaible for the end users to fulfill their all requirments from one place with quick and in more understandable manner. Here two kinds of users are Admin and End user means customer. In addition to this, three kinds of methods which considered here are NetUI means make available access to the end users for everything from the net which is developed with help of JSP and HTML, second one is the database which used to store large amount of data and easily can retrieve,update etc, and last one is the controls used for the same. Thus here we followed the model based UI desing approach. The important things which we added with this websi te is the latest product with latest configuration customer can choose as per configuration of that product, external devices, security for transcation, customer can send their view or comment and many more. Background In the current world the rapid development of Internet, the Internet has expressly become the best and fast media for collecting information, communication as well as entered into the commerce means selling, purchasing etc. So e-commerce became more popular and more businesses build an online store to show consumers a new shopping concept. Online shopping system as B2B, B2C, C2C ecommerce front-end business platform, the whole process of its business activities plays an important roles. In this site or system, consideration is how to build a B2C Online Shopping System. Online shopping is a kind of interactive features business information which provides users with two types of static and dynamic information resources. The static information are those that change frequently or later that resources, sucha as company profile, management practices and corporate systems etc. Dynamic information is subject to change information, such as commodity quotes, meeting arrangements, and training information. Online shopping system has powerful interactive features to enables businesses and users to easily transfer inoformation to complete e-commerce transactions. This new inter-company transactions to achieve the paperless exchange of documents and funds. Technologies Selection and Justification Following is description of technologies which are used for the website work: 1.3.1 Hardware/Software Requirements Software specifications Hardware specifications: Hardware Minimum Requirement Microprocessor Intel 3.1GHz processor or onwards Random Access Memory (RAM) 512 MB RAM. Hard Disk Drive 20GB (min. free useable disk space). 1.3.2 Technology Description 1) JSP: As there are number of acronyms with which the Internet is packed, another one is JSP. Here the JSP is standing for the Java Server Pages, but ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s commonly known as the JSP. JSP is nothing but the scripting language and very much similar to the ASP, PHP languages. Using the JSP, contents in the website are generated dynamically which allowing the rather than only statically as with the HTML. There are many free hosting available for the JSP websites because of the reason is that JSP is free and open source, simple, robust. There are other web development technologies also available now days such as PHP, ASP.net etc. But we encountered some problems with such technologies which are presented in following justification for the same: JSP over PHP: Both (JSP PHP) is web technologies are strong. For the most of the enterprise level applications JSP is better way to do because of its security, stability, speed of execution etc and more are the advantages of JSP. We encountered the problem with the PHP is that it becomes not more secure as compare JSP. As compared to the PHP, JSP is more rapid tool for the development of websites, once we know it, we can design any kind of pages which seems to us harder with the PHP because PHP is harder and also fewer objects oriented than JSP. Using JSP, we can develop web application quick by maintaining the level of performance, security for the same. JSP over ASP.NET: ASP.NET is come with the Microsoft product in the VS framework which is also one of the better way to designs and develop our websites, but the problem with such technology is that it is available only commercially means not freely as the JSP. As the we are getting same performances from the JSP as from the ASP.net, then ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s enough to decide to go with the JSP. Apart from this, there some other advantages which of JSP over the ASP.NET we observed such as: Freely Avaliable and Platform independent. Hosting is Cheply available. Web Server for JSP is free. If OS is Linux, no need to pay for the antivirus softwares. Rapid development. 2) MSSql Server 2000: One of the powerful is MSSql. There are many other powerful databases such as Oracle, Mysql etc are available. But while selecting MSSql database, there are two things which were addressed as compared to Oracle as well as MySql as: database which is best suitable with the JSP and another one is database which have fast speed to retrieve, update or communication with data. While with Oracle, MySqlserver there lot of extra efforts needs to be done before setting up the web application, the MSSql database is easy database with the high reliability, fast performance, and easy to use. Project Plan Thus as we used the incremental methodology of the software development, this project is divided into the different phases like requirement analysis phase, designing phase, development phase, deployment phase, testing phase etc. Following chart shows the overview of the proposed project plan with their time durations. Phases in Website Development In this section, some of the quality planes which are considered in order to maintain the quality of the proposed website. The major quality measure which we considered for the website is the proper validation for different things and response time of the proposed website because on the basis of this customers attraction is depends. Following is the brief explanation of these terms: 1) HTML Validation Using this validation we can check the document correctness against the DOCTYPE which is declared. On the basis of this various kinds of reports generated if there are any bugs with it. 2) Validating Links This is one important issue with the websites. Links of the website are checked against the all links given in the website whether they are working according to the specification given. 3) Validating Accessibility This is the most important activity which must be included in every website quality planning. It is not enough only to make the website, because people from different places, with different platforms accessing our website. The initiative of web accessibility is the maintaining the resources list which will help in order to designing the websites which will accessible. 4) Response Time For the websites like proposed one ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s necessary to check up with the response time of server because with websites several shopping transactions need to be done. Chapter 2: Software Development Methodologies 2.1 Types of Methodologies The mechanism of methodology is mainly composed of the one or more techniques in conjunction with the one of the models of software development. The prototyping techniques, object oriented techniques which are the multiple ways in order to implement the models such as incremental, waterfall and spiral models. During the single project such kinds of mechanisms are matched as well as mixed. Thus the methodology = techniques + models. Following are different kinds of methodologies which are prepared on the basis of combination of techniques as well as models: 1) Waterfall Model (Life Cycle) 2) Prototyping Model (Life Cycle) 3) Iterative Enhancement Model 4) Incremental Model 5) The Spiral Model 6) Object Oriented Methodology In the next section, we will see the details of each of these models in brief [Ref. http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx ] 2.2) Introduction Methodologies 1) Waterfall Model: This model is called as the waterfall model, because in this model the more emphasizes is on the complete phase development before proceeding with the next phase of the development. With the combination with some kinds phase completions, establishment of the baseline is done which freezes the development products at such point. If the current requirement is identified in order to change these products, then the process of formal change is followed in order make the change. Such kind of phases graphic representation during the software development resembling the waterfall model downward flow. [Ref. http://www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/waterfall-model ] 2) Prototyping Model: Waterfall model is basically designed for addressing the issues with the waterfall model. In this model, the basic idea is that rather than freezing the requirements before coding or designs we can proceed, using the throwaway prototype requirements of the development understands. On the basis of requirements which are currently known. The prototype development is inside contains the coding, designing as well as testing. But each of these phases is not done very formally or thoroughly. Thus using such kind of mechanism, end users can get the systems actual feel, only because of the thing that prototype interactions will allow clients to understand the requirements better way for the desired system. 3) Iterative Enhancement Model: This model is trying to combine the features of models like waterfall as well as prototyping models. The main idea behind such model is that development of the software is done on the basis of incremental approaches, in which each and every increment is adding the some kind of functional capability in the system still the system is fully implemented. During the every step, extensions, designing and modifications are made. [Ref. http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx ] 4) Incremental Model Main idea in this model is that during the overlapping sections waterfall is performed in order to attempt projects of waterfall model compensate which is done by generating the earlier usable functionality. This kind of model may be needed the overall requirments set that are small projects series. With the general objectives, initially using the basic objective, incremental model is started. 5) Spiral Model The model for the incremental is can be considered as the spiral model sometimes. The view of the spiral model is illustrating the one of the strength of the previous model in this section which is: system size grows while the resources can be held on constant. The size of spiral is corresponds to the size of system, on the other hand the distance among the coils indicating the resources. As the name indicating such model has many cycles. The dimension of the radial representing cumulative cost which is incurred while accomplishing the steps that are done so far as well as dimension of angular representing the progress which is made during the completing the every spiral cycle. [Ref. http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx ] 6) Object Oriented Methodology As the name indicating, such methodology requiring using the object oriented techniques which can be used during the requirement analysis, designing and implementation phase of the system. Such kind of methodology asking for the analyst for determining the systems objects, their behavior over the time or their behavior in response to the events, as well as what kind of relations and responsibilities an object has to with the other objects. [Ref. http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx ] 2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages of Prototyping Model Early functionality. Providing the process in order to perfect the definition of requirments. Providing the risk control. Main focus of the documentation is on the end product rather than the evolution of product. Providing the basic specification which is embodied in the operating replica. Disadvantages of Prototyping Model This method is less applicable for the existing systems as compare to the existing new systems development. Suffering from the dirty documentaion. Bad reputation in between the conservatives because of dirty and quick method. Sometimes using this method system is developed with the poor performance. Advantages of Iterative Method Reliable software production. This may be intrdouced gradually to an organization. Disadvantages of Iterative Method Complete sets of requirements are required. Disciplined style may stifle creativity. Advantages of Object-Oriented: Problem owners can joining in producing the solution. Maintenance costs are less due to the object oriented analysis which encourages the complete set of solution. This kind of model expresses the reality of users view. Disadvantages of Object-Oriented This is difficult for those methods which is having the structured analysis of background. This method may be difficult with the DoD-STD- 2167A. [Ref. http://codebetter.com/blogs/raymond.lewallen/archive/2005/07/13/129114.aspx ] 2.4 Details: Two Methodologies In the following section, discussion and detailed working of the two models such as incremental model and waterfall model. 1) Waterfall Model: As we discussed the basic working this model in above section, in this section we will take the overview of basic steps of the model in the software development: Following figure shows the different phase in the development of the software. The documentation included the documentation from each phase. The phases below the detailed design phase include software as part of their output. Transition from phase to phase is accomplished by holding a formal review that is attended by the contractor and appropriate government agencies. These reviews provide the government insight into the contractors progress. At critical points on the waterfall model, baselines are established, the last of which is the product baseline. [Figure:1: Waterfall Model] As showing in above figure 1, as the name indicating waterfall model is made up of sequentially of phases one after the next phase. In comparison with the other software development models, following are some of the salient attributes of this model: This is the forma method. This is like top down development approach. This is consisting of phases which are independent and needs to be completed sequentially. This model is used in different ways: Phases are combined, The starting as well as ending points are different. [Ref. http://www.onestoptesting.com/sdlc-models/waterfall-model ] 2) Incremental Method: C:Documents and Settingsgodwit3Desktopincremental-model1.gif As we discussed in the last paragraph, the model of incremental is performing the waterfall in the overlapping sections in order to attempt length compensation for the waterfall model projects by generating the earlier useful functionality. As compared to the waterfall model, a project which uses the incremental model is starting with the general objectives. In this case, some part of such objectives are defined as the requirements as well as are implemented, after that the next part of these objective are considered and implemented, this process is continues until the complete objective is achieved. However as compare to the complete requirements general objectives can be uncomfortable for the management. Well defined interfaces are needed due to the fact that few modules may be completed early compare to others. This model is more flexible for the development of the websites as compare to the softwareà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s. Thus we selected incremental model for the same. [Ref. http://testing-mines.blogspot.com/2006/05/what-is-incremental-model.html] 2.5) Methodology Selection For our proposed application we have to use the method of incremental approach which is best suitable for such kinds of applications. Because of the following benefits from it: Generates working software quickly and early during the software life cycle. More flexibleless costly to change scope and requirements. Easier to test and debug http://kona.kontera.com/javascript/lib/imgs/grey_loader.gif during a smaller iteration. Each iteration is an easily managed milestone.

The Critical Role of Information Systems Essay -- essays research pape

The Critical Role of Information Systems Today’s information systems are both technical and social in nature. Management must understand the importance of information within the organization. It is management’s job to understand how information is collected, processed, and distributed. We are all extremely affected by information systems and must be willing to understand and work with them. Our global economy does not allow us to depend on face to face transactions like in the 1980’s. Today, few managers can ignore the importance and impact of how information is handled by their organization. Information systems play a critical role in today’s business organization and society (Laudon 5). Since the emergence of the global economy, the success of firms today and in the future depends on their ability to operate globally. The American economy depends on imports and exports. Foreign trade, both imports and exports accounts for a little over 25 percent of goods and services produced in the United States, and even more in countries like Japan and Germany. This percentage is currently and will continue to grow in the future (5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Globalization of the world’s industrial economies greatly enhances the value of information to the firm and offers new opportunities to businesses. Today, information systems provide the communication and analytic power that firms need to conduct trades and manage businesses on a global scale. Globalization and information technology also brings new threats to domestic business firms. This is brought on by the customer’s ability to shop in a worldwide marketplace, obtaining the price and quality information reliably, 24 hours a day. The worldwide market place brings competition to a higher level than ever before, forcing all businesses to play a part in this global economy. In order to become a profitable player in a worldwide market firms, need powerful information and communication systems (5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many countries are experiencing the third economic revolution. These countries include the United States, Japan, Germany and other major industrial powers. This revolution, which is now in progress, is transforming itself into a knowledge and information based service economy. This revolution began at the turn of the century and by 1976 the number of white-collar workers employed in o... ...ws them to replenish inventory very fast, Wal-Mart does not spend as much money on stock pilling inventory as its competitors. Wal-Mart only spends 15 percent of sales in overhead while Sears spends 30 percent and Kmart spends 21 percent. Again, this is only possible because of the use of information systems. As you can see information systems are far more than just input, process, and output machines. Managers and society must understand that these systems provide solutions to business challenges and must be willing to change with the new technology. Information systems can help in the day to day task at work and at home. We no longer have to depend on only one firm or corporation to buy material we need. We can shop the global market 24 hours a day to find the best price and quality. With the increased global competition, companies will have to use information systems in order to survive in today’s market place. Work Cited Laudon, Kenneth C., and Jane P. Laudon. Management Information Systems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1996 Removing the Warehouse from Cost-Conscious Hospitals. New York: Times, 1991 Wilson, Linda. â€Å"Stand and Deliver.† Information Week April. 1992

My Baptism Essay

The Sacrament of Baptism is often called â€Å"The door of the Church,† because it is the first of the seven sacraments not only in time (since most Catholics receive it as infants) but in priority, since the reception of the other sacraments depends on it. It is the first of the three Sacraments of Initiation, the other two being the Sacrament of Confirmation and the Sacrament of Holy Communion. Once baptized, a person becomes a member of the Church. Traditionally, the rite (or ceremony) of baptism was held outside the doors of the main part of the church, to signify this fact. The Necessity of Baptism: Christ Himself ordered His disciples to preach the Gospel to all nations and to baptize those who accept the message of the Gospel. In His encounter with Nicodemus (John 3:1-21), Christ made it clear that baptism was necessary for salvation: â€Å"Amen, amen I say to thee, unless a man be born again of water and the Holy Ghost, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. † For Catholics, the sacrament is not a mere formality; it is the very mark of a Christian, because it brings us into new life in Christ. Baptism of Desire: That doesn’t mean that only those who have been formally baptized can be saved. From very early on, the Church recognized that there are two other types of baptism besides the baptism of water. The baptism of desire applies both to those who, while wishing to be baptized, die before receiving the sacrament and â€Å"Those who, through no fault of their own, do not know the Gospel of Christ or His Church, but who nevertheless seek God with a sincere heart, and, moved by grace, try in their actions to do His will as they know it through the dictates of conscience† (Constitution on the Church, Second Vatican Council). Baptism of Blood: The baptism of blood is similar to the baptism of desire. It refers to the martyrdom of those believers who were killed for the faith before they had a chance to be baptized. This was a common occurrence in the early centuries of the Church, but also in later times in missionary lands. The baptism of blood has the same effects as the baptism of water. The Form of the Sacrament of Baptism: While the Church has an extended rite of Baptism which is normally celebrated, which includes roles for both parents and godparents, the essentials of that rite are two: the pouring of water over the head of the person to be baptized (or the immersion of the person in water); and the words â€Å"I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. † The Minister of the Sacrament of Baptism: Since the form of baptism requires just the water and the words, the sacrament, like the Sacrament of Marriage, does not require a priest; any baptized person can baptize another. In fact, when the life of a person is in danger, even a non-baptized person—including someone who does not himself believe in Christ—can baptize, provided that the person performing the baptism follows the form of baptism and intends, by the baptism, to do what the Church does—in other words, to bring the person being baptized into the fullness of the Church. Infant Baptism: In the Catholic Church today, baptism is most commonly administered to infants. While some other Christians strenuously object to infant baptism, believing that baptism requires assent on the part of the person being baptized, the Eastern Orthodox, Anglicans, Lutherans, and other mainline Protestants also practice infant baptism, and there is evidence that it was practiced from the earliest days of the Church. Since baptism removes both the guilt and the punishment due to Original Sin, delaying baptism until a child can understand the sacrament may put the child’s salvation in danger, should he die un-baptized. Adult Baptism: Adult converts to Catholicism also receive the sacrament, unless they have already received a Christian baptism. (If there is any doubt about whether an adult has already been baptized, the priest will perform a conditional baptism. ) A person can only be baptized once as a Christian—if, say, he was baptized as a Lutheran, he cannot be rebaptized when he converts to Catholicism. While an adult can be baptized after proper instruction in the Faith, adult baptism normally occurs today as part of the Rite of Christian Initiation for Adults (RCIA) and is immediately followed by Confirmation and Communion. The Effects of the Sacrament of Baptism: Baptism has six primary effects, which are all supernatural graces: 1. The removal of the guilt of both Original Sin (the sin imparted to all mankind by the Fall of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden) and personal sin (the sins that we have committed ourselves). 2. The remission of all punishment that we owe because of sin, both temporal (in this world and in Purgatory) and eternal (the punishment that we would suffer in hell). 3. The infusion of grace in the form of sanctifying grace (the life of God within us); the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit; and the three theological virtues. 4. Becoming a part of Christ. 5. Becoming a part of the Church, which is the Mystical Body of Christ on earth. 6. Enabling participation in the sacraments, the priesthood of all believers, and the growth in grace. Question: What is Baptism? Christian denominations differ widely on their teachings about baptism. Some believe baptism accomplishes the washing away of sin. Others consider baptism a form of exorcism from evil spirits. Still others teach that baptism is an important step of obedience in the believer’s life, yet only an acknowledgment of the salvation experience already accomplished – baptism itself has no power to cleanse or save from sin. The following takes a look at the latter perspective called â€Å"Believer’s Baptism:† Answer: A general definition for the word baptism is â€Å"a rite of washing with water as a sign of religious purification and consecration. † This rite was practiced frequently in the Old Testament. It signified purity or cleansing from sin and devotion to God. Since baptism was first instituted in the Old Testament many have practiced it as a tradition yet have not fully understood its significance and meaning. In the New Testament, the significance of baptism is seen more clearly. John the Baptist was sent by God to spread the news of the coming Messiah—Jesus Christ. John was directed by God (John 1:33) to baptize those who accepted his message. John’s baptizing is called â€Å"a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. † Mark 1:4 (NIV). Those baptized by John acknowledged their sins and professed their faith that through the coming Messiah they would be forgiven. Baptism then is significant in that it represents the forgiveness and cleansing from sin that comes through faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. The Purpose of Baptism: Water Baptism identifies the believer with the Godhead – Father, Son & Holy Spirit. â€Å"Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. † Matthew 28:19 (NIV) †¢Water Baptism identifies the believer with Christ in His death, burial and resurrection. â€Å"When you came to Christ, you were â€Å"circumcised,â €  but not by a physical procedure. It was a spiritual procedure–the cutting away of your sinful nature. For you were buried with Christ when you were baptized. And with him you were raised to a new life because you trusted the mighty power of God, who raised Christ from the dead. † Colossians 2:11-12 (NLT) â€Å"We were therefore buried with Him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life. † Romans 6:4 (NIV) †¢Water Baptism is an act of obedience for the believer. It should be preceded by repentance, which simply means â€Å"change. † It is turning from our sin and selfishness to serve the Lord. It means placing our pride, our past and all of our possessions before the Lord. It is giving the control of our lives over to Him. â€Å"Peter replied, ‘Each of you must turn from your sins and turn to God, and be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins. Then you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. ‘ Those who believed what Peter said were baptized and added to the church–about three thousand in all. † Acts 2:38, 41 (NLT) †¢Water Baptism is a public testimony – the outward confession of an inward experience. In baptism, we stand before witnesses confessing our identification with the Lord. †¢Water Baptism is a picture representing profound spiritual truth: Death – â€Å"I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me. The life I live in the body, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me. † Galatians 2:20 (NIV) Resurrection – â€Å"We were therefore buried with Him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the father, we too may live a new life. If we have been united with Him like this in His death, we will certainly also be united with Him in His resurrection. † Romans 6:4-5 (NIV) â€Å"He died once to defeat sin, and now he lives for the glory of God. So you should consider yourselves dead to sin and able to live for the glory of God through Christ Jesus. Do not let sin control the way you live; do not give in to its lustful desires. Do not let any part of your body become a tool of wickedness, to be used for sinning. Instead, give yourselves completely to God since you have been given new life. And use your whole body as a tool to do what is right for the glory of God. † Romans 6:10-13 (NLT) Cleansing – â€Å"And this water symbolizes baptism that now saves you also – not the removal of dirt from the body but the pledge of a good conscience toward God. It saves you by the resurrection of Jesus Christ. † I Peter 3:21 (NIV) â€Å"But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God. † I Corinthians 6:11 (NIV) Questions On Baptism Friday, October 10, 2003 Home Greetings! Initiation of a non-Christian into the Roman Catholic Church is celebrated in a Rite called â€Å"baptism†. In this rite, a person is either immersed in water, or sprinkled with water by another Christian who says, â€Å"I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. What makes a baptism valid? Baptism is valid so long as water was used with the Trinitarian formula (See Mt 28:19 for the Trinitarian formula, and John 3:5 for the necessity of water). In an emergency, even tears or saliva could be used where running water is not present. Catholics believe that all people who have received water baptism in the Trinitarian formula are mysteriousl y united to the Church, and indwelt with the grace of Jesus Christ. What is grace? Grace is God’s favor, and more than this, it is the very life of God within a person through the Holy Spirit. With grace, three dispositions, or virtues are infused in the soul: faith, hope and love. God cannot co-exist with sin, and when we turn away from God, we can sin so badly as to cut off this flow of divine life within us. Catholics call this â€Å"mortal sin†, referring to the notion of deadly sin we find in 1 John 5:17. Yet, even when we sin mortally, the Council of Trent states that faith lingers in the soul to draw us back to Christ. Only blasphemy of the Holy Spirit – an ongoing and deliberate rejection of the free gift of grace – can damn us. We can trust teh one who started the work of salvation in us through baptism to bring it to completion. Is Baptism necessary for salvation? The Second Vatican Council affirms that the grace of baptism is necessary for salvation. Yet, the Council speaks of salvation outside, but not apart from the Church. Catholics believe that the grace of baptism is given through the rite itself, but is also provided to those who, through no fault of their own, have either never heard the Gospel, or heard the Gospel in a distorted manner so that they were unable to accept it. Many theologians (myself included) argue that anyone who has not actively rejected the Gospel as properly understood may be under the saving grace of baptismal grace. The Church has always maintained that the Old Testament prophets are counted among the saints in heaven. The Council of Trent affirmed that even prior to baptism, a grace called prevenient grace draws a person to baptism. Furthermore, the Church always taught that there is such a thing as baptism by desire. Traditionally, baptism of desire was used to refer to martyrs who were murdered while preparing for the rite of baptism. These various doctrines have lead theologians to the conclusion that there is saving grace available without strictly receiving water baptism. Yet, for a believer in Jesus Christ, it would make no sense to reject water baptism, since Christ himself was baptized and taught his disciples to baptize. In the early church, baptism was a public witness to becoming a Christian, and often a person was placing their life on the line by receiving the sacrament. To reject water baptism and claim to believe in Jesus is a contradiction, and in this sense, baptism is necessary for all believers. However, knowing that prevenient grace draws the sinner to the sacrament, many theologians today argue that there are two types of saving faith, and one depends on the other. Primordial faith is a trust in a vague and fuzzy awareness of divine holy mystery and openess to transcendant experience that goes beyond language. This faith is what begins the salvation process in us, and it is this grace that is spoken of when we say the grace of baptism is necessary for salvation. Many theologians since Karl Rahner argue that we are all born with the gift of such grace, even as we are all effected by original sin. If we respond to this grace, we seek language to describe the experience, and primordial faith is then translated into fiducial faith, which is the belief in a particular creed, doctrine, and set of religious practices. For the Catholic Christian, fiducial faith expresses itself and becomes actualized in cooperation with Christ through the sacraments. However, the non-Catholic may very well be saved by fiducial faith expressing primordial faith in a different cultural context. Who performs a baptism? Typically, a baptism is performed by a priests, but in an emergency, any Christian who has already received baptism can perform the rite. Catholics recognize the baptisms of other Christian demonimations as valid, so long as water was used, and the Trinitarian formula was followed. Catholics consider the rite of baptism to be a sacrament. Sacraments are outward signs of internal grace instituted by Christ and preserved in the Apostolic tradition. Catholics believe that Christ, himself, acts in each sacrament, so that even if a sacramental rite is performed by the worst sinner, the sacrament is valid. How often can baptism be received? Because it is the first step of initiation, baptism is only received one time in life, and Catholics do not believe anyone who has received a valid baptism needs to repeat it, even if the rite was performed before a person was fully mature, or the rite was by an imperfect person, or in a manner that was hasty or sloppy. Indeed, Catholics see it as a lack of faith to repeat baptism. At the same time, Catholics do bless themselves with holy water as they enter a church as a constant reminder of baptism. What are the effects of baptism? Perhaps the effects of baptism are best understood by looking at the symbolic meaning of the rite. Water is a natural symbol of birth, life, and cleanliness. It symbolizes birth as a mother’s water is broken. It symbolizes life as we need it for nourishment. It symbolizes cleanliness as we bathe daily with water. Water also symbolizes death, as we can drown in water. In Judaism, ritual baths and purifications symbolized that we were making ourselves presentable to God, the most high and most holy and pure being of all. According to the New Testament, the baptism of John, who preceded Jesus was a baptism of repentance. The word for repentance in Greek means conversion, and is rooted in the notion of turning a stiff neck. John seemed to use water baptism as a symbolic action to convey the notion of the hope to one day be immersed in the Spirit to be cleansed from sin to live a new life. John’s preaching was eschatological and forward looking, and painted a picture of cosmic conflict between good and evil. John’s baptism looked for the day when the Spirit would be poured forth like a river on the people to produce a change of heart. Jesus received the baptism of John, and many Bible scholars point to this incidence as evidence of a historical person named Jesus. According to the criteria of embarrassment, the early church would have no reason to invent this encounter, since the action implies John is greater than Jesus and that Jesus needed to repent. Many believers in Christianity are raised to believe that Jesus was baptized by John in order to provide us an example. However, this oversimplifies the issue, and implies that Jesus was play acting. Even a perfect person can and would have turning points in life if that person is fully human. A conversion experience does not always involve turning from sin to virtue. Rather, like a moth becoming a butterfly, a conversion experience can be growth from one stage of human development to another. The New Testament is clear that Jesus grew as a human person (See Luke 2:40). By receiving the baptism of John, Jesus reveals that he has fully entered the human condition. Like us, in his humanity, he longed to be immersed in the Holy Spirit and to grow and change. John preached that there would be one who come after him who would baptize with fire and Spirit. Having received the baptism of John, the growth or conversion that Jesus displayed was to begin to live as though the fullness of God’s reign was breaking into our world here and now, already present, but not fully present yet! There is some evidence in the New Testament that Jesus continued the ministry of baptism after John, and may have even rivaled John for a period (See John 4:1). However, where John was an ascetic preaching hell-fire and brimstone, Jesus preached that the reign of God was breaking in through mercy upon the marignalized. It is not that Jesus made no mention of hell. However, when he does mention hell, it is always in the context of the rigidly unforgiving, or those who commit heinous sins that hurt other people. For Jesus, it appears that baptism was transformed from a symbolic act that looked forward to a day of immersion in the Spirit, to a symbolic rite that made the Spirit present. In Jesus and his disciples, baptism truly became a rite of initiation for those who choose in the here and now to live in the reign of god breaking into our reality. By accepting the baptism of Jesus, one was chosing to live here and now as though God is your only king, and to trive for perfection. After the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus, baptism took on new meaning. Under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, Saint Paul called baptism an immersion in the death and resurrection of the Lord (See Romans 6:4 and Colossians 2:12). The author of 1 Peter refers to baptism as a cleansing. With Saint Augustine int he fourth century, the emphasis on the notion of bap tism as cleansing became critical in his debates with a monk named Pelegius. Pelegius believed that Christ saved us by offerring an example of perfection that we chose to follow by our own inherent goodness. Those who rejected Christ and refuse to imitate him are simply evil. Pelegius taught a crass works righteousness. Augustine, profoundly aware of his own sinfulness, countered that he could not even want to follow Christ if God had not given him the gift to desire Christ. Augustine, relying on Saint Paul, believed that we are saved by grace, and that grace enables us to imitate Christ. Augustine developed the concept of original sin to explain what he felt Paul was saying when Paul says all people are sinners due to Adam’s sin (see Romans 5:12). Augustine argued that grace is a completely free gift given to us while we are sinners, and through the gift, we are made righteous, with baptism symbolizing cleanliness and new birth. As a demonstration that he was interpreting the Scriptures correctly, Augustine wrote to Pelegius appealing to common tradition asking if what he was saying were not true, why does the Church baptize infants? So, the effect of baptism is that we die to our sinful selves to rise with him. Grace, the very life of Christ, is infused in the soul by the one who lives today! This new life is experienced as rebirth in water and Spirit. We are immersed int eh Holy Spirit so that live as sons of daughters of the great King of the universe, whose reign of peace and justice is breaking into the world through Christ acting in us. Why do Catholics baptize infants? Acts 10 speaks of the entire family of Cornelius, and the whole household, including his servants, receiving Peter and the Apostles to eventually become baptized. Catholics believe that the episode indicates the possibility that children were baptized within the New Testament period, since it is likely that Cornelius had children. Yet, there is no direct and unquestionable proof that infants were baptized in the New Testament. Many Protestant Christians argue that the symbolism of conversion and change is lost by performing baptism on infants, and that such batisms should be considered invalid. Catholics believe that in the early church, adult baptism was the norm as the Church reached out to new members. However, we saw above that Saint Augustine argued against the works righteousness of Pelegius by appealing to the already wide-spread and ancient tradition of infant baptism. Infant baptism may or may not not perfectly allow the recipient to experience grace as conversion. Yet, Catholics accept in faith that conversion is occurring even in the infant. For many Catholics, infant baptism is a response of gratitude to God for a child, and a celebration of birth. Parents naturally want to share their faith and culture with their children. As a rite of intitiation, baptism knits a person into that web of relationships that forms the Church – the Body of Christ. What Christian parent would not seek to have their child knit into this web of relationships? On a deeper theological level, Catholics speak of a real transformation taking place in the infant where all guilt of original sin is removed, and grace is infused in the soul conforming the child to Christ. Through baptism, a person is born again, and the effects of the sacraments last eternally! By offering the rite to an infant, we are emphasizing that grace is an absolutely free gift, not even earned by our desire for conversion or our intellectual undertsanding of what we receive. This may confuse many Protestants, who believe that Catholics teach works righteousness. The Catholic Church holds as infallible, according to Scripture, the local council of Orange, and the Ecumenical Council of Trent that salvation is by grace alone. However, Catholics believe that with new birth comes growth, and that with baptism, Christ’s life life is infused inthe soul to produce faith and works. Faith without works cannot save, and works without faith cannot save. Yet, the whole process of salvation is initiated as a free gift of Christ. See my essay Justification: Protestant or Catholic for more detail on this subject. In the New Testament, Paul speaks of laying hands on people after baptism, and James speaks of annointing people. The word â€Å"Christ† literally means â€Å"annointed†. Catholics generally believe that in the sacrament of confirmation (laying on of hands and annointing), a person is confirmed in the faith. This second sacrament completes initiation in the Catholic Church and is closely connected theologically to baptism, though separated by years in time for many Catholics. Adult converts receive the two sacraments together. This is usually done in young adulthood, and provides an opportunity for a similar experience to Protestant young adult conversion at baptism. Why do Catholics use the Trinitarian formula, and not the name of Jesus Personally, I am not sure that God considers the name of Jesus alone as an invalid baptism. However, there are denominations and churches separated from Rome who baptize in the name of Jesus only because they reject the doctrine of the Trinity. We saw above that the Trinitarian formula for baptism is Scriptural in Matthew 28:19. We know from early Church writings that the Trinitarian formula was used from most ancient times, and the doctrine was accepted as the correct interpretation of scripture by the world-wide Church at several Ecumneical Councils. Thus, Catholics believe that the Trinitarian formula is revealed through Scripture and Sacred Tradition to be a if not the correct way to do baptism. Since the issue arose late historically, and was clear attempt to break the unity of the Church, Catholics do require a new baptism for those who join s from a community that did not use the Trinitarian formula. Why do Catholics sprinkle instead of immersing? Immersion is the proper way to do baptism to convey the full symbolism of the sacrament. Sprinkling in the early church was only used for emergencies, such as impending death. As the Church expanded into Northern Europe, it is highly probable that cold weather caused Christians to turn more often to sprinkling. Irish missionaries may have carried the practic e back southward. The Church defends that baptism by sprinkling is valid. At teh same time, Vatican II called for a renewal and retrieval of the meaning of sacramental gestures so that the fullness of what was conveyed in the New Testament is mediated in the signs. I have seen more and more Catholic churches building baptismal fonts large enought to immerse an adult. In the future, I expect immersion to once again become the norm. One final point When John began baptizing, he warned his Jewish siblings that God could make children of Abraham from the stones. Receiving his baptism of repentence was useless if one was not changed by it. God always respects our freedom, and we are always free to reject and act against the grace that is given us. We do this when we sin. Catholics believe that God initiates the salvation as an absolutely free and unmerited gift that can start in an infant. Catholics believe that Christ acts in the sacrament, so that we can never say that baptism does not have an effect. Christ promised to act in every valid baptism. Even Adolf Hitler (who was baptized Catholic) was changed by the sacrament. (Think how much worse he may have been if his life were never touched by grace! Yet, knowing that every baptism has an effect on the recipient, and trusting individually that the One who died for me and began a work for me in baptism wants to bring it to completion, I must respond to him! John’s warning to the children of Abraham is still true for Christians. We must, by God’s continued outpouring of grace, receive the Lordship of Christ and allow his will to shape our lives and contin ually change us. While baptism always has an effect, not everyone who has been bapized is absolutely assured slavation.

Donne’s unremitting wittiness gives his poetry too aggressive a tone”. discuss with reference to at least two of the poems you have studied. The WritePass Journal

Donne’s unremitting wittiness gives his poetry too aggressive a tone†. discuss with reference to at least two of the poems you have studied. Introduction Donne’s unremitting wittiness gives his poetry too aggressive a tone†. discuss with reference to at least two of the poems you have studied. IntroductionBibliographyRelated Introduction Metaphysical poetry is characterized by many aspects and as one of the leading metaphysical poets, John Donne’s work employs wit, paradox, abstract images and use of conceits to create poetry that was â€Å"inspired by a philosophical conception of the universe and the role assigned to the human spirit in the great drama of existence†Ã‚   (Grier son 1921).   However, at the time, the metaphysical poets had a great many critics and they were attacked on several grounds, most notably from Dr Johnson in his Lives of the Poets (1779-81).   Johnson believed the metaphysical poets did not deserve the title of poet as their wit contained ‘a combination of dissimilar images, or discovery of occult resemblances in things apparently unlike. Of wit, thus defined, they have more than enough’.   In order to come to a conclusion as to whether his poetry was therefore aggressive due to his tone, I will examine two of his poems; The Flea,   Holy Sonnet 14.   In a nalyzing these poems I expect to find that although on the surface Donne could be said to be aggressive, it is in fact the unexpectedness of his approach to matters such as love that has this effect.   Historically, Donne and the metaphysical poets seemed to renounce traditions of courtly love, however by resisting in following these well respected customs, Donne’s poetry has kept an originality to the experience of love.   Love, as a subject in poetry risks becoming banal and only through Donne’s wit does this age old subject stay fresh to the reader.   Upon first reading ‘The Flea’ and ‘Holy Sonnet 14’, the poems seem to have very little in common and the themes do indeed oppose one another in content as one deal with physical love and the other spiritual.  Ã‚   The poem ‘The Flea’ shows the speaker as a man who lacks morals and who has little concern for the moral stance of the young lady he wishes to bed, and instead seems wholly concerned with his own lust.   On the other hand, ‘Holy Sonnet 14’ seems to reflect more of Donne’s spirituality as a minister of the Anglican church, the speaker is shown to be righteous in his beliefs and concerned with how he can do his utmost to please God.   Wit, of course, is very apparent in ‘The Flea’, however does this make it more aggressive than ‘Holy Sonnet 14’? His Maker is more powerfully present to the imagination in his divine poems than any mistress is in his love poems (Gardner, 1978, Pg-2) is a statement made by writer Helen Gardner.   However, I believe that Donne’s use of wit as well as complex conceits are used to complicate the subject matter in both poems in order to draw questions from the readers.   Many different levels of meaning are at play in these poems and the rhyme scheme varies from iambic tetrameter and pentameter to the Petrarchan sonnet form.  In doing so, Donne presents his mistress in the poem ‘The Flea’ just ‘as powerfully present’ as God in ‘Holy Sonnet 14’.  As he shows physical love through spiritual expression in ‘The Flea’ and divine love through sexual expression on ‘Holy Sonnet 14’, Donne excellent shows how wit is used to throw doubt at the reader who simply sees everything in black and white. Wit could be said to be, a sense of the fantastic and originality of thought.   This seems to perfectly define the love poem The Flea, whose humor is used to explore the notions of sex before marriage in an argument that, if it did not woo the addressee to give up on her sacred ideals may well have amused her and caused her to question the reasons behind them.   The flea itself in the poem represents and symbolizes physical love and pleasure and the opening lines leave no doubt that this is the case. Mark but this flea, and mark in this / How little that which thou densest me is / Me it sucks first, and now sucks thee / And in this flea, our two bloods mingled be (The Flea, L-1-4).   The simplistic language engages the reader with clarity and wit in its subtle allusions to sex and pleasure that truly show the intentions of the speaker.   Arguing with his love, he expresses that the act of love is as safe as being bit by a flea, as †¦[it] cannot be said / A sin, nor shame , nor loss of maidenhead (The Flea, L-5-6).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donne’s abstract idea that the mixing of his and his mistresss blood in the flea is no different to having sex without physical contact, engages the reader in a dialogue which makes interested in the outcome for the lustful young speaker.   Does this relentless wit and persistence with his mistress show aggression?   I believe not.   Although aggressive in his lust, Donne’s neat and concise approach to the subject saves it from being aggressive to the reader, something feminists would surely disagree with. The very idea that the flea represents their marriage and that the speaker wishes to stop his mistress from killing it because of this, adds softness to its tone. â€Å"Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare / Where we almost, nay more than married are / This flea is you and I, and this / Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is / Though parents grudge, and you, ware met / And cloistered in these living walls of jet (The Flea, L-10-15).   Although a certain level of arrogance is shown by the speaker in his approach to women, I feel this much more refreshing through its humour compared to the traditional courtly love poems where the women were seen to objects to own.   However, in saying this, the speaker does not seem to respect his mistress’s choice and Helen Gardner argues in Donnes love poems the love poet [creates] an image of himself in love†¦ but does not wish to deny himself any pleasure.  Although this view seems to be taken by many, David Novarr seems to d efend the poem stating; †¦[it] [seems] [the] [speaker] has somehow compromised the integrity of hisbelief [in] love†¦[however] it is frequently the committed man who dares to explore and exploit alternatives that in no way [undercut]   [his] integrity if he chooses to be witty about a subject that matters to him (The Disinterred Muse, Pg-24-25).   In exploring these alternatives, Donne does indeed employ an originality of thought that seems to characterize not just metaphysical poets but Renaissance man. Continuing in his pushy and arrogant nature to persuade his mistress, the speaker uses power and drive.  However, this is not just forceful, but also shows a persuasive argument and tells his mistress that Though use make you apt to kill me / Let not to that, self murder added be / And sacrilege, three sins in killing three (The Flea, L-16-18).   Ending his argument, the young lady does kill the flea and in this shows her commitment in her decision to stay chaste. This is illustrated  beautifully when the speaker queries his mistress’s actions, asking â€Å"Cruel and sudden, hast thou since / Purpled thy nail, in blood of innocence? / Wherein could this flea guilty be, / Except in that drop which it sucked from thee? / Yet thou triumphst, and sayst that thou / Findst not thy self, nor me the weaker now (The Flea, L-19-24).   By killing the flea the mistress reinforces her quest for virtuousness at any cost.  This is when the speaker backtracks on his argument and co mpares his mistress losing her virginity to the inconsequential death of the flea.   Ending the poem, the speaker states Tis true, then learn how false, fears be; / Just so much honor, when thou yieldst to me / Will waste, as this fleas death took life from thee (The Flea, L-25-27).The humour with which Donne approaches this subject is what releases it from holding any aggression.   The whimsical way in which the speaker admits his own satisfaction is his sole concern creates the source of the poems humour. Donne’s attitude to love changes from carnal to humble and spiritual in Holy Sonnet 14, however if wit is defined as originality of thought then the serious tone set in this poem certainly lacks any aggression in its relentlessness.   Confliction in soul and nature of man is shown through a speaker who lacks concern in pleasing himself and only concern in pleasing God. In the opening passage of the sonnet, the speaker offers God all power, control and authority, asking, â€Å"Batter my heart, three persond God; for you / As yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend; / That I may rise, and stand, oerthrow me, and bend / Your force, to break, blow, burn and make me new (Holy Sonnet 14, L-1-4).   The speaker wishes to be made ‘new’, suggesting that they have possessed a lack of control over themselves and now wish to offer God that control to save them from sin.   In offering God their body and soul, the speaker appears desperate to be made pure again and seem to see themselves as helpless, as if they know they that they can only God can save through wrath and violence. â€Å"I,like an usurped town, to another due, / Labour to admit you, but oh, to no end, / Reason your viceroy in me, me should defend, / But is captivd, and proves weak or untrue, / Yet dearly do I love you, and would be lovd fain, / But am betrothd unto your e nemy (Holy Sonnet 14, L-5-10).   This is in complete contrast to the fanciful nature of ‘The Flea’, where Donne’s wordplay humours the reader. Here, a different side of Donne’s wit is seen through his use of dramatic metaphor in which he ponders mans ability to save himself. â€Å"Divorce me, untie, or break that knot again, / Take me to you, imprison me, for I / Except you enthral me, never shall be free, / Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me (Holy Sonnet 14. L-11-14).  Here, the speaker is using forceful verbs and paradoxes, symbolising God as all powerful and all knowing, giving him total influence over the speaker. Using paradox, in the final passage Donne gives God sage, the speaker uses paradoxes to give God importance and shows that the only way the speaker believes that he will ultimately be free of sin, and pure is when God takes complete control and rapes him. This poem seems to express purity in its divine love for God, suggesting that this spiritual bond with God is more pure than any love experienced between man and woman. In being concerned with ‘thought’ itself, Donne asks questions about life, love and his purpose in the universe.   Donne places himself and his love at the centre of the universe which is surely showing wittiness that is not aggressive, but that each person who has been in love has believed themselves. There is a distinct contrast between how submissive Donne’s speaker in ‘Holy Sonnet 14’ is to God, compared with how dominant the speaker in ‘The Flea’ tries to be over his mistress.   It is easy to dismiss the wit and humour in ‘The Flea’ as being puerile and selfish however in this, the reader sees the true nature of the speaker in all his multi-faceted attempts in trying to seduce his mistress. In the same way, Donne has stripped bare the speaker in †˜Holy Sonnet 14’, allowing the reader to see his need for God to save him through his language.   If this unremitting wit is seen as aggressive, I believe the reader is missing the point of Donne’s wit.   It is unashamed and refuses to be diluted to suit the needs of the reader, instead Donne has stayed to true to his artistic and poetic beliefs. Bibliography Alvarez, A.   The School of Donne. New York: Pantheon Books, 1961. Gardner, Helen.   The Divine Poems London: Oxford University Press, 1978. Grierson, Herbert J.C., ed. Metaphysical Lyrics Poems of the 17th Oxford, The Clarendon press, 1921 Novarr, David.   The Disinterred Muse. London: Cornell University Press, 1980.