Quality management Essay

Exchange 2: Identify two (2) thought pioneers comparative with quality administration. Research each to decide their center thoughts and commitments. Orchestrate your contemplations about each into a one section (per pioneer) that contains significant and important proclamations about each idea head, their commitments, and the pertinence of the commitment today in regards to crafted by venture administrators. Joseph M. Juran Dr. Juran dedicated 70 years to his books, musings, and all consuming purpose reforming the way of thinking of all out quality administration. His created quality administration thoughts work around the quality set of three of Quality Planning, Quality Improvement, and Quality Control. Through the Juran Institute, Dr. Juran has kept up the ability to constantly widen the experiential learning of financial expert, researcher, and designers around his work. Dr. Juran’s lessons and direction center endeavors around the client and their needs, upgrades the item for those people, streamlines the procedures in question, and guarantees that the procedure will really create the item. Dr. Juran comprehended that the human segment (the client, the chief, the researcher, the designer) was a necessary bit of the quality procedure. His exercises added to the ascent of the Japanese economy after his hands on activities with the Union of Japanese Scientist and Engineers. The push of data tod ay has permitted these speculations to prosper. Consumer loyalty is a consistently squeezing position for huge and independent companies. Today’s directors would be unable to comprehend the human factor, if people like Dr. Juran didn't lay the preparation to concentrate endeavors on the human variables. Genichi Taguchi Taguchi was a Japanese Textile Engineer that comprehended the procedures and impacts of little and enormous organizations. He understood there were factors inside management’s control and others that we not. His significant commitments/hypotheses were the accompanying: The Loss Function-a condition to evaluate the decrease of a customer’s saw estimation of an item, as the quality decays; Orthogonal Arrays and Linear Graphs-devices to recognize and seclude the things concerned when managing powerful expenses and time; Robustness-the distinguished course of creating items and procedures that perform consistently paying little mind to the wild powers.

The Challenges In Paediatric Radiography

The Challenges In Pediatric Radiography In for the most part pediatric radiography is take the radiography picture of youngsters. The reason to take the radiography picture has two purposes which are for the analytic and remedial reason. Demonstrative reason regularly is for assess or see the kids body condition in anatomical and neurotic perspective. In any case, restorative reason basically is for treatment like careful fix the crack, for example, embed plate to join the bone that break. Kids introducing to do radiographic assessment extend from infant (neonates), little children (a year to 2 years of age), young (6 to 8 years of age) and youthful (10 to 13 years of age) Different time of youngsters bunch speaking to the various difficulties to the analytic radiographer on the job. Indicative radiographer have think numerous or distinctive strategy to look at the kids at same must lessen complete portion get by the kids and give top notch picture to radiologist for determination. Pediatric patient will consistently accompany extraordinary or in other word say as an exceptional issue to the radiographer. This circumstance consistently challenges indicative radiographer in both genuinely and intellectually perspective. They need to utilize distinctive approach to impart will pediatric patient. Staff on the radiography division should consistently reaction to the non verbal correspondence of pediatric patient. Since they dislike grown-up persistent which can voice any inconvenience to us. Pediatric Patient Consideration Like what have notice above, Pediatric Patient isn't care for grown-up quiet. At the point when Pediatric Patient present in the office for the demonstrative assessment, not many viewpoint ought to be consider so as to make they fell solace and inviting. Some Pediatric Patient won't comprehend the ordinary word which we use to impart to grown-up quiet, since grown-up persistent simple to convey and they can comprehend the as a radiographer endeavor to state and the degree of comprehension is a lot higher than youngster. In any case, for Pediatric Patient, they cannot comprehend the many word. Pediatric Patient has constrained scope of word or restricted information about the world particularly if the Pediatric Patient is under young or pre-adult patient and they have lower level of comprehension. For young patient and youthful patient they might have the option to impart effectively than other Pediatric Patient. In this way, in correspondence perspective. Radiographer needs to demons trated incredible correspondence ability to all thoughtful Pediatric Patient concurring they age. Radiographer must utilize fitting, simple and basic wording and language to the Pediatric Patient, the manner of speaking must low and benevolent. Dont ever utilizing the high manner of speaking when converse with Pediatric Patient, they may think you (radiographer) is attempt to harming them. Dont ever attempt to discourteous to the Pediatric Patient when they are not comprehend what you (radiographer) endeavor to stating. Continuously watch the non verbal correspondence of the Pediatric Patient. This sort of correspondence consistently gives more data about what Pediatric Patient needs to communicate. Case of non verbal correspondence is outward appearance, body act and other. Staff in the division should consistently permit the Pediatric Patient is organization by parent or gatekeeper during the assessment so as to comfort them. The present of parent or gatekeeper consistently make radiographer work become simple, since present of them can give security factor through the eye or physical contact to the Pediatric Patient. The nearness of relative which remain behind the defensive screen from radiation additionally diminish the dread of the Pediatric Patient School age and pre-adult patient usually is can do the radiography assessment freely. Since the degree of comprehension of them is higher contrast with little children. Dont disregard the pediatric patient in the imaging room. At the point when we disregarded them at the imaging room, they will begin to dread to the more abnormal condition and the dim region. This condition will prompt the some horrible complexity, for example, fast pulse, pediatric patient begin to cry or pediatric patient may ingest or breathe in outside body because of the intriguing. In the event that the confusion is serious and pediatric patient wellbeing condition is basic, at that point the entire division will get in a tough situation. So , to stay away from this undesirable marvels occur in imaging office, if you don't mind dont ever attempt to left only them despite the fact that they are young or youthful on the grounds that they in the scope of the age to investigate to world. Ecological and security factor are additionally should considered ahead of time of the assessment. Check the imaging room temperature whether excessively warm or excessively cold, if the temperatu re isn't reasonable for the specific patient, radiographer can change the room temperature to the proper degree as per the patient size and age. At the point when radiographer removes a few fabrics from they and permit aliens to see their body, attempt to ask they authorization or affirmation from their parent or gatekeeper, since we dont need they feel like disgrace and uncomforted. On the off chance that can, attempt use medical clinic developed to cover their body after departure some their fabrics, this can give them agreeable. Job of the Radiographer before Examination Prior to the assessment, radiographer needs to plan something all together for the entire assessment methodology in convey easily without confronting any issue. In other word, to ensure your (radiographer) work is simple. At the point when you (radiographer) see the imaging demand structure, ensure you (radiographer) know the name of patient, particularly they age and sign. This will help radiographer in part of correspondence, how to talk will them in light of the fact that diverse time of pediatric patient have distinctive degree of comprehension, manner of speaking and how to deal with the pediatric patient will particular sign including elective technique to direct the assessment. Before start assessment, ensure that the physical condition in imaging room is reasonable for the specific pediatric patient including the room temperature and all the office including the appropriate immobilization gadgets is give. This is significant factor to guarantee the work can convey easily. Aft er at that point, present yourself (radiographer) including your age and name or other important data about yourself. Take a stab at asking the pediatric patient name, bringing them stroll around the imaging division, and presenting some staff and the instrument to them to make them natural in new condition to stay away from the sentiment of abnormal and dread from of the pediatric patient. When taking to the pediatric patient, attempt utilize basic and fitting language to give the guidance to them. To guarantee them whether they comprehend or not, you can ask the input from them. In the event that you inability to speak with them, you can disclose the guidance to them parent or gatekeeper. In any case radiographer needs to think other approach to impart. Let the youngster thought about the assessment mean mention to them what will occur previously, during and after the assessment, the entire strategy about the assessment, illuminate them during assessment will have some loud from t he development of table , x beam cylinder and anode turn. When conversing with them, ensure talk at the eye level so as to get the trust and collaboration from them. Attempt to set up the compatibility with them, pose the inquiry from them. Continuously permit the parent and watchman present in imaging space to give better inclination to youngster. Groundwork for the Examination While getting ready for the assessment, radiographer constantly arranged elective approach to play out the assessment. The essential strategy may not be permitted by the imaging room condition, for example, absence of immobilization gadgets, temperature too cold or other factor. Quiet condition likewise one of the factor which make radiographer plan elective approach to perform assessment. They may accompany wheel seat, with streetcar or restricted in development. Some youngster may have incapacity, so have utilize other strategy to do the assessment. Before the pediatric patient go into the imaging room, ahead of time take the picture receptor, immobilization cushions to the imaging room. Spot the picture receptor, immobilization gadgets, x beam cylinder and table on the right situation as indicated by assessment demand. Thus, this activity will can diminish the working commotion like development of the X beam cylinder and table during the assessment. Pick the reasonable introductio n factor like low Mas for assessment as per the part be x beam and patient age and size. Ensure that the introduction factor that select can deliver excellent picture if not the assessment need to rehash, it will give more portion to the pediatric patient. Radiographer likewise can collimate the radiation field to the size of tape and spot the anatomical marker ahead of time, so this will lessen time for the kid in the imaging room. At the point when the phases of readiness are finished, position the pediatric patient exact and permit parent or gatekeeper goes with their kid, and gives the lead developed to them. Immobilization Devices Immobilization gadgets are instrumentation that can found in radiology office. This thoughtful instrumentation in make to cause the radiography assessment to experience all the more effectively. Immobilization gadgets ordinarily have scarcely any significant capacities. The gadgets can hold the patient in position as indicated by the radiography assessment system prerequisite. Radiographer will utilize these gadgets when the longing position of the pediatric patient can't be accomplished. Other than this capacity, immobilization gadgets likewise can forestall development of the pediatric patient because of the state of being. Persistent development during the assessment will cause antique on the picture that produce. Antique impact on the radiography picture will make the radiologist hard to analyze and can't further assess the picture. In the event that the assessment is rehashed because of picture ancient rarity, this will make twofold presentation the pediatric patient. Anot

Understanding the Chew and Spit Eating Disorder

Understanding the Chew and Spit Eating Disorder Eating Disorders Diagnosis Print Understanding the Chew and Spit Eating Disorder By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 13, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 17, 2019 TerryJ/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand Chewing and Spitting Research A Patient's View Medical Consequences Assessing and Treating Advice for Family Members View All Back To Top Among the lesser-known and less-studied eating disorder behaviors is that known as chewing and spitting. This activity consists of chewing food, usually food that is highly enjoyable and energy-dense, and spitting it out before swallowing.?? The intent of the behavior is to enjoy food’s taste while preventing the ingestion of calories. Chewing and spitting has some similarities to bingeing in that it involves consuming larger amounts of high-calorie foods than intended, but is also similar to restrictive eating in that the food is not actually ingested. Chewing and Spitting in the DSM-5 Initially, spitting was thought to be just an alternative to vomiting, so was studied primarily in women with bulimia nervosa. In the prior version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), chewing and spitting was listed as a potential symptom of eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), which in the DSM-5 has been replaced with the category of other specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED). However, the DSM-5 does not list chewing and spitting under any single disorder because it is now recognized that the behavior can occur across all eating disorder diagnoses.?? Chewing and spitting may be exhibited by patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or other specified eating disorder. It has further been noted to occur in elevated rates amongst individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery, a growing population. Research on Chewing and Spitting One of the first published case reports (De Zwaan, 1997) of the behavior described a 19-year-old woman with anorexia accompanied by chewing and spitting.?? She either spent hours in the bathroom or spit the food into carrier bags, both at home and while walking on the streets. The chewing and spitting out took up to 6 hours every day, preventing her from studying and from social contacts. Her mother insisted on family meals every day. As in her anorectic days, she was successful in hiding the food from her plate in her pockets and under the table without her parents noticing it. She was very much ashamed of her behavior and at first refused even to talk about it, either in individual or in group therapy. Research on chewing and spitting is sparse. Chewing and spitting is more commonly associated with other restrictive eating disorder behaviors (such as diet pill abuse, dietary restriction, and excessive exercise) than with binge/purge behaviors.?? The behavior may be frequent and it may be associated with greater psychopathology. Eating Disorder Behaviors Chewing and spitting is also associated with more severe eating disorder symptoms and suicidal ideation. Individuals who chew and spit, relative to other patients with eating disorders who do not chew and spit, have higher scores on measures of body image concerns, preoccupation with shape and weight, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive behavior. Among eating disorder patients admitted to a behavioral, inpatient, and partial hospitalization program for eating disorders that consented to participate in a study by Guarda and colleagues, 34 percent admitted to at least one episode of chewing and spitting in the month prior to admission, and 19 percent reported being regular chewers/spitters who engaged in the behavior several times a week.?? In their paper, Guarda and colleagues report The behavior is described as driven and compelling and is sometimes associated with feelings of loss of control. As with most eating disorder behaviors, its escalation can lead to social exclusion, severe food obsession, self-loathing, guilt, and remorse. For individuals who chew and spit large amounts of food daily, financial difficulties can be a further consequence.” In a study of Korean patients with eating disorders, 25 percent engaged in chewing and spitting. The prevalence of chewing and spitting out food has been estimated to be about 31 percent of patients post-bariatric surgery.?? A Patients View A review of studies of chewing and spitting indicate that the behavior is used as a weight-control method and “was often associated with negative emotions such as self-disgust, remorse, and shame, but may have been less distressing than binging and purging.?? In online communities, patients who chew and spit report a great deal of shame about the behavior.?? It is also described as a behavior that becomes driven and compulsive and very hard to stop. There is often great secrecy around the behavior and those who engage in chewing and spitting may become isolative as they try to conceal it. Medical Consequences While it may seem like a relatively benign symptom, especially as compared to vomiting, the consequences of chewing and spitting may be quite serious. Symptoms of chewing and spitting are similar to those found with vomiting in bulimia nervosa and can include:Visibly swollen salivary glandsStomach ulcersDental problems such as cavities and tooth decayHormonal imbalances Addressing these medical symptoms requires stopping the behavior.?? Warm compresses and tart candies can help provide relief for swollen salivary glands. Patients should see a medical doctor and a dentist to discuss potential treatment options for gastrointestinal, hormonal, and dental issues. Assessing and Treating Chewing and Spitting Chewing and spitting is not commonly assessed by professionals, and clients may be reluctant to report it due to shame about the behavior. Little in the treatment literature specifically address chewing and spitting.  Psychotherapy and nutrition therapy for patients with eating disorders who chew and spit should address the normalization of eating behaviors through the adoption of regular meals.?? Cognitive-behavioral strategies helpful in addressing chewing and spitting include acknowledgment of feelings of shame, challenging of dietary rules, management of emotional distress, and practice of increased flexibility. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders Advice for Family Members If your family member is displaying signs of an eating disorder, you may want to watch for signs of chewing and spitting.?? Specific signs of chewing and spitting may include: Traces of chewed but undigested food in their room, in the bathroom, or in the trashEating in private or out of the houseSecretive behavior at mealsShame around eating If you (or someone you know) is chewing and spitting, it is important to seek help from a professional who is well-versed in eating disorders.   Tips for Difficult-to-Break Habits Related to Eating Disorders

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Malcolm Xs Life and Accomplishments - 628 Words

Malcolm X, Born name Malcolm Little, was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 1925. His mother was Louise Norton, which had eight children including Malcolm. His father’s name was Earl Little, who was a Baptist preacher and strong supporter of the Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Before Malcolm’s fourth birthday, the family was forced twice to relocate due to death threats from the white supremacist organization, Black Legion. Despite their efforts to get away from them in 1929, the Legion burned their home down to ashes. After two years, Earl was killed and found laying on the trolley tracks in the town. The police ruled these events as accidents, the Little family was sure that the Black Legion were the people responsible for killing their father and husband. After this, Louise was put into a mental institution because of her emotional breakdown years after the death of her husband. Growing up, Malcolm was a smart and focused student. He lost his interest in studies from school, when his favorite junior high teacher told him that trying to become a lawyer was â€Å"not a realistic life goal for a nigger†. He later dropped out of school and spent time in Boston, MA, and Harlem, New York. He worked odd jobs and committed petty crimes. Malcolm began putting together multiple narcotics, prostitution, and gambling rings. Later in life when he was determined for striving for greatness, he said, â€Å"early in life, I had learned that if you want something, you had better make someShow MoreRelatedMalcolm Xs Life and Accomplishments1407 Words   |  6 Pages Malcolm X was an African American minister and civil rights leader. Unlike many activists of his time, he took a different approach on the movement. In his lifetime, from 1925 to 1965, he was known as an advocate for the rights of blacks, and has been named one of the greatest and most influential men in hi story. Early Life Malcolm was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska to Louise and Earl Little. His Father, Earl, was a Baptist minister and an active member of the Universal Negro ImprovementRead MoreThe Death Before Disunity : Malcolm X, Civil Rights Activist And Muslim Leader1173 Words   |  5 PagesDeath before Disunity Malcolm X, Civil Rights activist and Muslim leader, was an advocate of unity by all means necessary. Throughout history, people have often pondered what X intended to obtain before his tragic death at the hands of Talmadge Hayer, Norman 3X Butler, and Thomas 15X Johnson (â€Å"Biography†). Several people downplay X’s achievements in comparison to the accomplishments of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Majority of activists such as Mohandas Gandhi, Rosa Parks, and Cesar Chavez are notoriousRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1624 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical movements also arose as a result of the assassinations of some of the most influential leaders in America. Malcolm X changed the way Americans viewed oppression and discrimination of African Americans. The movie Malcolm X is an accurate depiction or a product of its time. It showcased many of the problems that lead up to the civil rights movement within the life of Malcolm X as well as what proceeded after he became a prominant civil rights leader.What’s interesting about this movie is thatRead MoreMalcolm X Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesMalcolm X was one of the most prominent and controversial leaders during the civil rights era of the 1950’s and 1960’s. By the early 1960’s he had grown frustrated with the non violent, integrated struggle for civil rights and worried that blacks would ultimately lose control of their own movement. Malcolm X was a key spokesman for the nation of Islam, epitomized the â€Å"Black Power† philosophy. Malcolm became an influential leader of the nation of islam, which combined Islam with black nationalismRead MoreMalcolm X : A Influential Figure Of The Nation Of Islam1497 Words   |  6 Pagesleader, Malcolm X fough t for equal rights for African Americans. He viewed civil rights differently than most civil rights activists; this is why when he is talked about, there are mixed emotions. Many know of Martin Luther King Junior’s standpoints and highlighted moments, but less know of the many accomplishments that Malcolm X had as well. He sometimes came off harsh to the public, because non-violence was the tactic used for other advocates. Also a former member of the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X developedRead MoreMalcolm X And The Civil Rights Movement1180 Words   |  5 Pagesby Negros. With racial injustice at its hand, America was blessed to receive civil rights activists Malcolm X. In order to understand Malcolm X’s philosophies, one must look back and examine his past, paying attention to key events which led him to become the black nationalist he is known as today. Born in a little town in Omaha Nebraska on May 19, 1935, Malcolm Little, soon to be known as Malcolm X, was born to Louise and Earl Little. His mother was a homemaker while his father was a preacher andRead MoreAnalysis Of Malcolm X By William F. Martin Luther King Jr.975 Words   |  4 Pagesmillions who had never heard it before. His name was Malcolm X. As the title of the book suggests, The Autobiography of Malcolm X tells the life story of Malcolm Little from his childhood in Lancing, Michigan, up to his assassination (told in the epilogue) in 1965. His childhood was rough, his father was killed by a racist mob, and his mother was committed to a mental home when he was young. After moving to Boston to live with his sister, Malcolm fell in with the various â€Å"hustlers† in the city involvedRead MorePhysical Appearance Says What Words Cannot: Comparing Gandhi and Malcolm X831 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout their lives, both Malcolm X and Gandhi had similar and contrasting physical traits. In many ways, how they appeared on the outside shaped the people they were on the inside. Clothing became a device of nonverbal communication. Whether they recognized that themselves or not, that’s how it was. Had they not been colored, they would not have had advocated for justice. Though their personal philosophies drove th em in different ways to resolve oppression; one with violence and the otherRead MoreMalcolm X Education Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesMalcolm X once said â€Å"education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today†. From adolescence to adulthood almost every person is put through schooling. As one gets older in age, the education they obtain becomes more rigorous in order to stretch their minds far beyond two plus two or what color the sky is. The strategies of critically thinking and being able to analyze/decipher information in front is them is reinforced routinely in the educational systemRead MoreMalcom X s Experiences Inspired His Autobiography1223 Words   |  5 PagesMalcom X’s Experiences inspired his Autobiography Considered as one of the greatest and influential in African Americans in history, Malcon Little was born on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, and murder on February 21, 1965 in New York by three Nation of Islam members. Best known as Malcon X, he was also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, an American Muslim minister and a human rights activist. Malcon X was a fervent advocate the separation of black and white Americans, and rejected the civil rights

Macro and Micro Economics Free Essays

Micro Economics:- Microeconomics is a branch of economics that analyzes the market behavior of individual consumers and firms in an attempt to understand the decision-making process of firms and households. It is concerned with the interaction between individual buyers and sellers and the factors that influence the choices made by buyers and sellers. In particular, microeconomics focuses on patterns of supply and demand and the determination of price and output in individual markets (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro and Micro Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. coffee industry). Areas microeconomics covers: Supply and demand ?Competition ?Monopolies ?Profit and loss ?Opportunity cost Elasticity †¢Rigid laws:- Businesses may be doomed to be non starters due to restrictive business environment which may take the form of rigid government laws ( no polluting industry can ever be located in around 50 Km radius of the Taj) , state of competition ( Car manufacturing capacity presently in the country is far in excess of demand) etc. †¢Environment impact:- The present and future viability of an enterprise is impacted by the environment For eg no TV manufacturer can be expected to survive by making only BW television sets when consumer preference has clearly shifted to color television sets. Key Inputs:- The availability of all key inputs like skilled labor , trained managers, raw materials, electricity, transportation, fuel etc are a factor of the business environment. †¢Public awareness:- Increasing public awareness of the negati ve aspects of certain industries like hand woven carpets (use of child labor ) , pesticides (damage to environment in the form of chemical residues in groundwater), plastic bags (choking of sewer lines) have resulted in the slow decline of some industries. †¢The Market:- Organizations closely monitor their customer markets in order to adjust to changing tastes and preferences. A market is people or organizations with wants to satisfy, money to spend, and the willingness to spend it. Each target market has distinct needs, which need to be monitored. It is imperative for an organization to know their customers, how to reach them and when customers’ needs change in order to adjust its marketing efforts accordingly. The market is the focal point for all marketing decisions in an organization. †¢Marketing Intermediaries:- Physical distribution firms help the organization to stock and move products from their points of origin to their destinations. Warehouses store and protect the goods before they move to the next destination. Marketing service agencies help the organization target and promote its products and include marketing research firms, advertising agencies, and media firms. Financial intermediaries help finance transactions and insure against risks and include banks, credit unions, and insurance companies. Macro Economics:- Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the entire economy. This includes a national, regional, or global economy. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. In Macroeconomics there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline: the attempt to understand the causes and consequences of short-run fluctuations in national income (the business cycle), and the attempt to understand the determinants of long-run economic growth (increases in national income). Areas of macroeconomics covers: ?Money supply ?Interest rates ?Fiscal and monetary policy ?Unemployment ?Growth ?Inflation ?Inflation:- In recent years, a confluence of macroeconomic and industry-specific factors has led to record-high prices and unprecedented volatility in the global agricultural commodity markets. Specifically, simultaneous increases in demand and production costs along with intensifying supply-side pressures have led many experts to forecast extended periods of higher-than-average prices for many commodities. Farm-based commodities have recently experienced unprecedented growth in demand from both traditional and non-traditional sources. Traditional demand has increased primarily via worldwide population growth. The world’s population currently exceeds 6. 5 billion, is projected to reach nearly 9. 5 billion by 2050. Increases in demand have also been driven by global industrialization’s positive effect on disposable income in emerging economies like China and India. As a result, citizens of these countries have begun to shift away from the grain-centric diet of developing countries to the protein-rich diet common to countries with higher per capita GDP. Because, on average, one pound of protein requires nearly seven pounds of grain to produce, the increase in demand for meat has a large multiplier effect on the demand for grain. Moreover, increased globalization, free trade, and currency exchange considerations have increased agriculture-based exports from producing countries like the U. S. Canada, and Australia, as well as Europe and South America, which has increased competition and intensified demand on a global scale. In addition to traditional food-related demand, coarse grains such as corn, sorghum, barley, oats, and rye and edible oils and edible oil products have experienced exponential demand growth due to the rapidly expanding biofuels initiative in the United States, Brazil, and the European Union. The World Bank estimated that nearly all of the increase in global corn production between 2004-2007 was used for biofuels production in the United States. Moreover, as evidenced by Congress’s recent mandate to increase domestic ethanol production nearly five-fold by 2022, the biofuels component of agricultural commodity demand is not likely to decline in the near, or even intermediate, future. Most agricultural commodities are also experiencing significant supply-side pressure from a variety of sources. Recently, the global supply of agricultural commodities has been severely affected by unfavorable weather conditions (e. g. , droughts, flooding, and freezes) in several regions, including the U. S. , Europe, Canada, Argentina, Ukraine, and Russia. As a result, global stockpiles of agricultural commodities have fallen to their lowest levels in many years. At the same time, increased competition for productive crop land and the reconfiguration of planting decisions to maximize returns from biofuels-related plantings (e. g. , corn and soybeans) have drastically affected the supplies of most agriculture commodities. Significant increases in production costs, led by record oil and fertilizer prices, and increasing scarcity of productive farmland and sufficient and accessible water supplies have further contributed to limits on worldwide production capacity. Finally, political unrest in producing countries has slowed or stopped production on otherwise physically productive land, further tightening supplies. Unlike many other commodities, agricultural commodities are crucial to the survival of nations. In a recent study, researchers concluded that nearly 60 percent of all global conflicts over the past two decades have been primarily driven by disputes related to food, land, or water. Recent spikes in food prices have lead to food smuggling in some countries and riots in others. Because of the universal necessity for food and the irreplaceable role that agricultural commodities have in worldwide food production, market analysts, including the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) predict that â€Å"when commodity supplies eventually recover and prices moderate from current high levels, the new equilibrium prices will be significantly higher than has traditionally been observed during periods of market balance. † As summarized in the table below, even when the volatility is removed from short-term prices, long-run ommodity price projections forecast equilibrium prices for most major crops that are 19 to 110 percent higher than their recent five-year average. The preceding analysis suggests agribusiness and agricultural-related firms may present interesting investment opportunities. Companies with operations and/or substantial investments in one or more key grain producing nations, such as the U. S. , Canada, Europe, Russia, Brazil, an d China, may be favorable over countries operating primarily in resource poor nations. Companies with significant command over their supply chain are likely to display significant operating advantages, but because of the capital-intensive nature of the industry, especially for companies with significant supply chain investment, firms with low debt, good credit rating, and/or relatively easy access to credit markets are preferred in light of current global economic conditions. Moreover, any company with significant supply chain investment should be providing logistical synergies and optimizing efficient operation of all its assets. In particular, companies that invest in technology to produce more robust, more efficient farmland and crops may provide unique opportunities for investment in the short- and intermediate-term. In summary, although current prices and volatility may not be sustainable in the long term, the long-term factors affecting agricultural commodities will most likely result in an extended period of high, although not necessarily record, prices. As a result, investments in agriculturally-oriented firms appear to be promising over intermediate- and long-term horizons. How to cite Macro and Micro Economics, Essay examples

Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne Appreciation Essays -

Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne Appreciation The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is considered to be one of the greatest examples of true American literature. Its excellency of topic, characterization, and description has made it a permanent part of our history. Set in Salem, Massachusetts in the 1600s, it describes the life of Hester Prynne, a Puritan woman whose existence is marred by sin. The real genius of the book is found in its description. Hawthorne makes allusion, symbolism, and romanticism work toward one effect, making the reader feel as if she was there, watching it all happen, living through Hester's struggle. The story opens as a woman, Hester Prynne, is leaving a jail and heading toward a large scaffold in the middle of Salem town, where she, along with her newborn child, Pearl, is put on display as an example to all the people, to discourage them from committing such a sin as adultery. The sentence is given by a number of priests who feel compassion for her because her husband had been thought dead for so many years. She is ordered to wear a scarlet letter, "A" for adultery, on her breast for the duration of her stay in Salem. She is perversely unwilling to leave the place of her shame and outcast when she could easily have sailed away to England or to anywhere else on earth and been rid of her "mark of Cain." At the scaffold, she sees her husband, just arrived from Indian imprisonment, standing in the crowd. He, naturally, is enraged by news of her unfaithfulness to him and to his memory, but carries it too far when he renames himself Roger Chillingworth and begins slowly to dismantle the sanity of her lover, the Reverend Mr. Arthur Dimmesdale. Disguised as an apothecary, Chillingworth dwells with Dimmesdale, supposedly to maintain his health, but really to sap his strength and to serve as a reminder of the young reverend's sin. During the seven-year duration of the book, Hester becomes steadily stronger because of her mark, while Dimmesdale, forced to bear his brand internally, becomes very much incapacitated, both mentally and physically. The face he puts on for public approval and the one he wears while he is alone are so completely different that they nearly drive him insane. He is harder on himself for committing the sin than many a court of the time would have been, and it tears him apart. One day, he meets Hester and Pearl while walking through the woods and, after talking for a short while, they decide to leave Salem, to find a new life in the more cultured, less ridged society of the Old World. The day before they are to leave, Dimmesdale makes his last speech to his congregation. After the speech, as the people are walking away from the meeting house in a parade, Arthur turns to look at the scaffold, where he sees Hester and Pearl standing. He beckons them toward him and then he asks her to assist him up to the scaffold. She does so and there he announces his sin to all the town, there he rips off his shirt front so they can see imagination's and emotion's brand on his chest, there he collapses into Hester's arms, and there he dies. Hawthorne goes on to tell, in short, the story of the rest of Hester's life, tough most of it appears to be based on rumor. Chillingworth dies within a year of Dimmesdale, the object of his hatred and his motivation for living being gone, leaving his fortune to Pearl. She and Hester travel to Europe, where Pearl marries a member of the nobility, but then returns to her old house to live and counsel others in their times of pressing sorrow, and to bear the mark of the scarlet letter until she dies. She is laid to rest in death where she had been kept for the first seven years of Pearl's life, next to Arthur, yet unable to touch him, kept at a distance so their dusts wouldn't mingle. One of the best aspects of this book is its lack of superfluous events. Rather than tell the reader about every chance meeting between Hester and Arthur, he chooses only a few, well-spaced events to portray their entire relationship. The most vivid description in the book is one of these chance meetings. Hester and Pearl chance to meet Arthur at the scaffold late at night. He talks of how it is not possible for them